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	<title>Daniel García Andújar Archive &#187; Copyright</title>
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		<category>Art</category>
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		<itunes:subtitle>Daniel G. Anduacute;jar archive</itunes:subtitle>
		<itunes:summary>Daniel G. Anduacute;jar archive</itunes:summary>
		<itunes:author>Daniel G. Andújar</itunes:author>
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		<title>Apología de la apropiación legítima.</title>
		<link>http://www.danielandujar.org/2008/10/15/apologia-de-la-apropiacion-legitima/</link>
		<comments>http://www.danielandujar.org/2008/10/15/apologia-de-la-apropiacion-legitima/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 15 Oct 2008 14:34:05 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Español]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[2008]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[Copyright]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Exit]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.danielandujar.org/?p=439</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Daniel G. Andújar
Exit Express nº38 Octubre 2008
El Arte, como cualquier otro proceso cultural, es básicamente un proceso de transmisión, de transferencia, de diálogo continuo, permanente y necesario. En ocasiones olvidamos que este proceso implica transgresión, ruptura, ironía, parodia, usurpación, confrontación, investigación, exploración, interrogación, contestación y, por supuesto, también apropiación. La práctica de la apropiación se [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Daniel G. Andújar<br />
Exit Express nº38 Octubre 2008</p>
<p>El Arte, como cualquier otro proceso cultural, es básicamente un proceso de transmisión, de transferencia, de diálogo continuo, permanente y necesario. En ocasiones olvidamos que este proceso implica transgresión, ruptura, ironía, parodia, usurpación, confrontación, investigación, exploración, interrogación, contestación y, por supuesto, también apropiación. La práctica de la apropiación se ha convertido en una parte fundamental de muchas actividades culturales creativas y forman parte de una larga tradición bien documentada en la Historia del Arte. No podemos abrir un libro sobre Arte Moderno y Contemporáneo sin encontrarnos con alguna forma de apropiación. La capacidad del apropiacionismo no sólo ha cambiado nuestra forma de hacer arte, ha cambiado la forma en que vemos el mundo. Y, sin embargo, vemos que esta forma de creatividad, esta herramienta del arte, se ve amenazada por absurdas regulaciones que incluso de forma preventiva pretenden impedir la investigación de nuevas formas de expresión.<span id="more-439"></span></p>
<p>Ahí están los grupos de presión de la industria de los media afirmando que los titulares del derecho de autor necesitan un mayor control sobre sus obras. Un argumento falso, ya que el acceso equitativo al material protegido por derechos de autor se encuentra en el corazón mismo del principio de este derecho. Una ley eficaz de derechos de autor para los artistas debe ofrecer los medios legales para hacer valer sus derechos en su trabajo, pero nada más, no puede llegar a ahogar o incluso destruir los recursos creativos de los demás. Los artistas necesitan tener acceso a las obras de otros para desarrollar su propio trabajo y deben contar con el apoyo de la ley para no tener que trabajar en condiciones de incertidumbre.</p>
<p>La cultura contemporánea no debe ser inmune a comentarios críticos. Esto parece absurdo, pero lo que parece estar en juego es la capacidad de poder expresar nuestras opiniones. Las expresiones artísticas contemporáneas adoptan a menudo la forma cultural de un comentario, una crítica, o una parodia. El objeto de este comentario implica el examen de los productos culturales de otros (películas, canciones, televisión, radio, publicidad, un cuadro, una fotografía…). Es fácilmente de entender que algunos aspectos de estos productos culturales se reproducen y transfieren como parte del comentario al nuevo trabajo del artista, pero de tal manera que el sujeto se transforma y se muestra al mundo como algo nuevo. Estos nuevos trabajos tienen la capacidad de cuestionar el mundo en que vivimos y reflejan la naturaleza propia de la práctica artística, así como de otros procesos culturales. Busquemos pues, o forcemos si es necesario, el marco idóneo que permita desarrollar esta idea en condiciones optimas. Y si no existe, tendremos que crearlo, ya que es responsabilidad de los artistas luchar por espacios donde su práctica se desarrolle en condiciones de estricta libertad.</p>
<p>La cultura es una construcción colectiva, es decir, de todos y la propiedad de ciertos procesos tiene que ser devuelta a la sociedad en forma de procomún.</p>
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		<title>Anna Kournikova Deleted By Memeright Trusted System</title>
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		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.danielandujar.org/?p=299</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Art in the Age of Intellectual Property
PHOENIX Halle Dortmund, July 19 &#8211; October 19, 2008


‘You can’t use it without my permission &#8230; I’m gonna sue your ass!’ shouts Disney’s Little Mermaid with the angry voice of a copyright lawyer in the video Gimme the Mermaid (4:49 min., 2000).
The video by Negativland and Tim Maloney, situated [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://www.hartware-projekte.de/frameset.htm" target="_blank"><span class="einschubvierzig"><span class="ueberschriftblacksmall">Art in the Age of Intellectual Property<br />
PHOENIX Halle Dortmund, July 19 &#8211; October 19, 2008</span></span></a></p>
<p><span class="einschubzwanzig"><img src="http://www.hmkv.de/dyn/_data/DMTS_maloney_200px.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="153" /><br />
</span></p>
<p><span class="text"><span class="einschubvierzig">‘You can’t use it without my permission &#8230; I’m gonna sue your ass!’ shouts Disney’s Little Mermaid with the angry voice of a copyright lawyer in the video Gimme the Mermaid (4:49 min., 2000).</p>
<p>The video by Negativland and Tim Maloney, situated at the exhibition entrance, is only one of more than twenty works included in ‘Anna Kournikova Deleted By Memeright Trusted System: Art in the Age of Intellectual Property’, an exhibition presented by Hartware MedienKunstVerein (HMKV) It is part of Arbeit 2.0 – copyright and creative work in the digital age, one of thirteen projects in Germany funded by the German Federal Cultural Foundation focusing on ‘The Future of Labour.’ In the framework of Arbeit 2.0, HMKV – together with the Berlin-based collaborative partner iRights.info/mikro e.V. – explores the relationships between creative work, intellectual property law, and technology (<a href="http://www.iRights.info" target="_blank">www.iRights.info</a>).</span></span><span id="more-299"></span><br />
<span class="text"><span class="einschubvierzig"><br />
So how does the changing notion of (creative) work relate to intellectual property? Today we live in a post-industrial society where the goods being produced are no longer material (like steel, coal, etc.), but immaterial. The Ruhr Area, with its vast deindustrialised landscape, paradigmatically stands for this transition from the Industrial Age to the information or knowledge society. However, there is a significant difference: Immaterial goods such as knowledge and information can be reproduced without loss. Therefore, in order to function in a value-added chain, the distribution of these immaterial goods has to be restricted. This is effectuated with the aid of intellectual property (IP) law, namely copyrighting, patenting, and trademarking.</p>
<p>David Rice’s perfidious short story ‘Anna Kournikova Deleted By Memeright Trusted System’ – from which curators Inke Arns and Francis Hunger have borrowed the exhibition title – deals with the concept of intellectual property: In 2065 stars – such as ex-tennis player Anna Kournikova – have their ‘brand’ protected by a satellite-based system that identifies unlicensed look-alikes and eliminates them via a strong laser beam. During a trip to the Pacific Rim, not officially cleared, the ‘real’ Anna Kournikova is identified as an imitation of herself and is consequently eliminated by the system.</p>
<p>The exhibition in the PHOENIX Halle, measuring 2,200 square metres and located on the grounds of the former steelworks Phoenix-West, puts forward the thesis that the increasingly strict application of intellectual property law hampers the development of culture as a whole. It proves increasingly difficult to impart this culture by employing images, logos, or soundbites of this very culture (for instance, sampling in hip hop, which has already been made impossible by aggressive copyright lawyers threatening any use of sampling with legal action).</p>
<p>The artists represented in this exhibition explore the question of art in the age of mechanical reproducibility positioning itself differently in a post-Fordist era permeated with digital networks than in Fordist, analogue times to which Walter Benjamin has referred. Artistic techniques like cut-up, sampling, détournement, appropriation, copying, remixing, plagiarism, and repetition are employed.</p>
<p>Participating artists: Agentur/Kobe Matthys (B), Daniel Garcia Andújar (E), Walter Benjamin (US), Christian von Borries (D), Christophe Bruno (F), Claire Chanel &amp; Scary Sherman (US), Lloyd Dunn (US/CZ), Laurent Fauchere and Antoine Tinguely aka Ramon &amp; Pedro (CH), Fred Fröhlich (D), Nate Harrison (US), John Heartfield (D), Laibach/Novi kolektivizem (SLO), Kembrew McLeod (US), Sebastian Lütgert (D), Monochrom (AT), Negativland and Tim Maloney (US), Der Plan (D), David Rice (US), Ines Schaber (D), Cornelia Sollfrank (D), UBERMORGEN.COM &amp; Alessandro Ludovico &amp; Paolo Cirio (CH/AT/IT), a.o.</span></span></p>
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		<title>Un castillo en ruinas, la decodificación del Imperio</title>
		<link>http://www.danielandujar.org/2008/02/19/un-castillo-en-ruinas-la-decodificacion-del-imperio/</link>
		<comments>http://www.danielandujar.org/2008/02/19/un-castillo-en-ruinas-la-decodificacion-del-imperio/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 19 Feb 2008 11:45:26 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[ Daniel G. Andújar
Siguiendo el buen ejemplo de la sociedades capitalistas desarrolladas, la actividad terciaria, la prestación de servicios, se ha convertido en uno de los sectores clave de la economía de este país (España). Diría más, los servicios de ocio y turismo se han convertido en una necesidad, hasta el punto de convertirse en [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p> Daniel G. Andújar</p>
<p>Siguiendo el buen ejemplo de la sociedades capitalistas desarrolladas, la actividad terciaria, la prestación de servicios, se ha convertido en uno de los sectores clave de la economía de este país (España). Diría más, los servicios de ocio y turismo se han convertido en una necesidad, hasta el punto de convertirse en la principal fuente de divisas y en el motor económico que alimenta toda una nueva idiosincrasia. Es un papel en perfecta armonía con la fuerza dinámica de la economía global que asumimos de forma colectiva con cierto conformismo ¿Quién no se ha sentido alguna vez en este país, o ha ejercido directamente, de guía turístico o camarero? Nos viene en el DNI (Documento Nacional de Identidad). Nuestra disposición para el servicio es puesta a prueba con cierta periodicidad ya que en reiteradas ocasiones nos vemos obligados a ejercer de guías ocasionales para familiares, conocidos y amigos que vienen de visita y necesitan del perfecto anfitrión que los oriente por el complejo y fascinante mundo de la tapa, el flamenco, la paella, la cala, la ruina, el museo, la catedral, etc., según afinidades y naturaleza del visitante, guía y lugar en concreto. Nos convertimos en mediadores ocasionales filtrando de forma subjetiva la información que conforma parte de nuestra realidad más inmediata, y lo hacemos de forma automática, casi profesional, sin darnos cuenta, destilamos la realidad a nuestro antojo, de acuerdo a nuestras preferencias. Y cuento todo esto porque en una de estas jugadas, me vi ‘obligado’ a acompañar a una amiga investigadora hasta la capital del Reino, donde debería orientarla, fundamentalmente, en una investigación que estaba llevando a cabo en torno a la cultura del archivo y que pronto verá la luz con forma de ensayo en la lengua franca de la sociedad de la información, el inglés. Guiar, manipular, interpretar, filtrar, condicionar, orientar, mediar, priorizar, jerarquizar… todo lo que trato de combatir sin éxito alguno, demasiado poder, hasta para un amigo.<br />
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<p>Nos dirigimos a el Real Sitio de San Lorenzo de El Escorial (el Monasterio de El Escorial) que como saben es un gran complejo (palacio, el propio monasterio, museo y biblioteca) que se encuentra en San Lorenzo de El Escorial, municipio situado a 45 km. al noroeste de Madrid, en la Comunidad de Madrid (España). El nombre de El Escorial se debe a unos antiguos depósitos de escoria procedentes de una ferrería de la zona de donde tomó su topónimo la aldea ubicada en las proximidades del lugar donde se construyó este monumental complejo. Fue mandado construir por el rey Felipe II para conmemorar la victoria de San Quintín el 10 de agosto de 1557 sobre las tropas de Enrique II, rey de Francia y para servir de lugar de enterramiento de los restos de sus padres, el emperador Carlos I e Isabel de Portugal, así como de los suyos y los de sus sucesores. La planta del edificio, con sus torres, recuerda la forma de una parrilla, por lo que tradicionalmente se ha afirmado que esto se hizo así en honor a San Lorenzo, martirizado en Roma asándole en una parrilla y cuya festividad se celebra el 10 de agosto, el día que tuvo lugar batalla de San Quintín, de ahí el nombre del conjunto y de la localidad creada a su alrededor. Prestigio y poder sobre la escoria, como conmemoración de la victoria y en honor a un martirizado. Lorenzo, a su vez, fue uno de los siete diáconos de Roma, y encargado de administrar los bienes de la Iglesia. Por esta labor, es considerado uno de los primeros archivistas y tesoreros de la Iglesia, y es el patrón de los bibliotecarios. Todo un juego de metáforas y una inspiración para cualquier artista que se precie, ahí queda.</p>
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<p>Lo que interesaba especialmente a mi amiga Sara Greene fue la impresionante inversión y el especial cuidado en la biblioteca. Felipe II  cedió para la misma los ricos códices que poseía y para su enriquecimiento encargó la adquisición de las bibliotecas y obras más ejemplares allá donde se encontraran. Fue proyectada por el arquitecto Juan de Herrera que, además de la misma, se ocupó de diseñar las estanterías que contiene. Los impresionantes frescos de la bóveda del techo emulan las pinturas de Ghirlandaio en la Biblioteca Vaticana. Está dotada de una colección de más de 40.000 volúmenes de extraordinario valor, y se ubica en una gran nave de 54 metros de larga, 9 de ancha y 10 metros de altura con suelo de mármol y estanterías de ricas maderas nobles primorosamente talladas. Sin duda, Felipe II,  entonces el monarca más poderoso de la Tierra, quiso emular la Biblioteca de Alejandría reuniendo aquí la sabiduría de un mundo en cambio constante y difícil de abarcar, en una permanente ampliación de su extensión y complejidad. Felipe II no reparó en gastos, además de adquirir, numerosas bibliotecas privadas y los libros que le ofrecían los mercaderes, hacía encargos directos para buscar libros en ciudades como Amberes, Colonia, o Nuremberg. Los embajadores en París, Roma y Venecia recibieron instrucciones para que compraran libros preciosos y los manuscritos que ansiaba. De este modo comenzaron a llegar a El Escorial remesas de libros y documentos, a los que se unieron los que algunos cortesanos legaban al rey en su testamento y los que otros copistas producían. Felipe II concibió su gigantesco cofre de piedra para que contuviera una réplica de todo un mundo inabarcable, el mayor edificio de Europa, un gigantesco contenedor de muros de granito ensamblados sin ornamento, una metáfora inagotable del Poder en mayúsculas.</p>
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A esta colosal obra se le uniría otra que sin duda tendrá un mayor impacto en las tesis de Sara, la del Archivo General de Simancas, que fue establecido como Archivo Real por Felipe II y al que nos dirigimos tras la visita a El Escorial. En 1567 Felipe II encargó a Jerónimo Zurita y Castro coleccionar los documentos de estado de Aragón e Italia y juntarlos con los de Castilla en el Castillo de Simancas, creando uno de los mayores archivos de su tiempo, sin duda, uno de los mayores esfuerzos técnicos y logísticos de la época. Dotado de uno de los primeros reglamentos de archivos del mundo llegaría a ser uno de los principales archivos históricos conocidos (tras el Archivo Secreto Vaticano), por su enorme calidad y cantidad de documentación que conserva (entre 50 y 60 millones de documentos) es indispensable para comprender partes fundamentales de la Historia entre los siglos XV y XIX. Ambos complejos formarían parte de una complicada estructura ideada para gobernar el sistema político más grande que había existido nunca. Y para mover semejante maquinaria inventaría un moderno sistema burocrático que permitiera abarcar todo el sistema. Algo que suena absolutamente contemporáneo.</p>
<p>La cuestión es si Felipe II sabía en aquellos momentos aquello de que la información es poder, es más, que el control de la información le ayudaría a perpetuar el poder, para si mismo y los suyos en el futuro. Algunos detalles de su biografía y muchos detractores del monarca imperial hacen dudar de su capacidad. Como anécdota pudimos comprobar, durante la visita a la biblioteca del Escorial, alguna de sus numerosas extravagancias que han provocado estas dudas, por ejemplo que los libros de los estantes están dispuestos de forma que el lomo queda hacia dentro y las cantoneras hacia fuera, algo sumamente extraño. Según me contó Sara, que ahora hacía de mi guía, Felipe II hizo dorar las cantoneras para que los estantes hicieran juego con el pan de oro de la bóveda, pero más allá del detalle, esto también supone una ocultación de la información en los lomos, una manipulación evidente.  Igualmente hizo tapar los estantes vacíos con lienzos pintados que representaban los libros que estaba esperando o que no poseía, hasta que este espacio fuera ocupado por los ejemplares reales una vez recibidos. Y esto ya me parece más bien una cierta patología obsesiva. Educado como un humanista, nunca llegó a serlo. Aunque no hay duda de que Felipe II el Prudente fue un hombre inteligente, de cierta cultura y formación, bibliófilo sin duda, aficionado a la música, el arte, el coleccionismo y muy especialmente a la arquitectura. Con capacidad para la planificación y con visión política, su personalidad definirá la historia europea de la segunda mitad del siglo XVI. Felipe II se comunicaba casi diariamente con sus embajadores, virreyes y oficiales repartidos por el imperio mediante un sistema de mensajeros que tardaba menos de tres días en llegar a cualquier parte de la península o unos ocho días en llegar a los Países Bajos, y esto no parece la obra de ningún loco por muy obseso que pareciera.</p>
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Inició cambios en la práctica y en la forma de gobierno, rompiendo de esta manera con la tradición medieval y otorgando un carácter innovador a la Corona, al tiempo que se fijaban las bases de la administración pública moderna. Algo, pues, si que parece que sabía. Sin embargo y como suele pasar a quienes ostentan tanto poder, en su extremada prudencia y celo burocrático, el poderoso monarca no había caído en la cuenta de que en aquel preciso momento, mientras él se refugiaba en el micro-mundo de su torre de control, se estaba gestando ya una incipiente fuerza que crecerá hasta llegar a transformar y soslayar los cimientos de todo su Imperio.<br />
En una sociedad mayoritariamente analfabeta, donde el conocimiento estaba limitado a la información proveniente de unos pocos pergaminos manuscritos que custodiaban celosamente en los monasterios y centros de poder, la aparición de la imprenta tuvo una repercusión de extraordinaria importancia. En términos más actuales, la imprenta supuso la aparición de una verdadera puerta trasera en el Sistema que permitiría comenzar a hackearlo hasta llegar a transformarlo íntegramente. Un virus tan sencillo como el del Saber, el acceso a la información, que comenzó a ser patrimonio de mucha más gente, aunque todavía una minoría. Todo un virus que sigue propagándose, mutando sin cesar e infectando el Sistema. El despliegue de prestigio y poder, aquella maquinaria pesada, acabaría disipándose muy lentamente hasta convertir todo el sofisticado mecanismo en un mero símbolo formal, una alegoría, el monumento (Patrimonio de la Humanidad) que hoy conocemos. Un pesado sarcófago de granito que los turistas visitan asombrados de su envergadura y que los guías ocasionales interpretamos a nuestro libre albedrío.</p>
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<p>En el mismo sentido que ahora es especialmente preocupante la ausencia de políticos capaces de comprender nuestra nueva realidad tecnológica desde la que deberían desarrollar su acción política, Felipe II tenía más empeño en atesorar y controlar, que en intentar comprender los cambios que estaba sufriendo la realidad de su Imperio. Como Harold Pinter afirmó en su discurso al recibir el Nóbel de Literatura: &#8220;el lenguaje político no está interesado en la verdad, sino en el poder y su mantenimiento&#8221;, una observación que tiene vigencia histórica con carácter retrospectivo. El sueño de todo político ha sido cerciorarse de que la información fuera un instrumento de su propio poder, y no de los ciudadanos para controlar al poder.  Por consiguiente este es, en definitiva, el punto neurálgico que debemos atacar en cualquier sistema jerárquico.</p>
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<p>Las  evoluciones tecnológicas que se han sucedido a lo largo de la historia han tenido una influencia directa sobre los sistemas de gobierno. Y hablando, como estamos de bibliotecas, librerías, archivos y de libros, tenemos que admitir que la forma primaria de acopiar información, de almacenar contenidos, y de distribuirlos que permitió la aparición de la imprenta jugó un papel fundamental en la difusión de las ideas con gran influencia en la política coetánea. Con la imprenta de caracteres móviles se agilizó notablemente la reproducción de múltiples ejemplares de una misma obra y se facilitó la rápida difusión de información y opiniones en poblaciones pequeñas alejadas de los centros de decisión. Los acontecimientos políticos de aquella época, como el saqueo de Maguncia en 1462, provocaron la dispersión de los alumnos de Gutenberg por centro Europa, difundiendo la nueva técnica de impresión y con ella la distribución de contenidos. En poco tiempo no quedaría localidad centro europea importante que no contase con su propia tipografía desde donde se imprimían mayoritariamente clásicos, pero también recientes aportaciones al pensamiento y a las ideas políticas de la época. La misma tecnología que permitiría modernizar el sistema de administración y gobierno, permitía a cierta parte de la sociedad dotarse de mecanismos para el acceso a la información. Durante el Renacimiento fue el medio decisivo para que las ideas del humanismo se expandieran con cierta celeridad. Aunque tendrán que pasar todavía varios siglos para que podamos hablar de la puesta en marcha de verdaderos procesos de socialización de la información.</p>
<p>Progresivamente, al disminuir enormemente el precio de los libros y de otras publicaciones, se intensificó la transmisión de información y su comunicación, y lo que es más importante, a partir de aquel momento el saber comenzó a ser patrimonio de mucha más gente, multiplicándose las relaciones entre lectores y personas ilustradas de otros países. En el siglo XIX se introdujeron los sistemas de impresión todavía hoy vigentes, que permitieron realizar tiradas a muy bajo coste. Surgieron entonces los periódicos, revistas y otras publicaciones que tuvieron el efecto no solamente de divulgar la cultura, sino de contribuir a la formación civil y social de la gente y al propio progreso de la técnica, la ciencia y las ideas. Pero rápidamente aquellos medios de comunicación de masas (la prensa y más tarde la televisión y la radio) se convertirían en una poderosa maquinaria de control social por parte de una élite minoritaria, desconectando así a los ciudadanos de la participación activa de los debates y la toma de decisiones (siempre nos quedará el voto). &#8220;Los periódicos, ya se sabe, no cuentan las cosas como son, ni como creen que son, sino como ellos quieren que sean&#8221;. Afortunadamente el periodismo, como otros oficios, está sufriendo una seria transformación en su práctica tradicional que tiende a desactivar el poder de las empresas mediáticas en el control de la información. Es lo que llamamos el fin de la era de la prensa, que no del periodismo como algunos cuestionan. Según Juan Varela, “los ciudadanos se han apropiado de la información a través de los medios sociales. La crisis de la credibilidad de la prensa tradicional, el cuestionamiento de la objetividad y la aparición de herramientas digitales accesibles a todos convierten el periodismo en una conversación de la que los ciudadanos más activos no quieren estar ausentes”. No nos extrañan datos como los que recientemente hemos conocido, que los medios son el sector más corrupto para los españoles (44%) por detrás de los partidos políticos (63%) y las empresas privadas (54%). Los medios, se supone, que debían ser vigilantes de la democracia, pero desde esta perspectiva es claramente imposible.</p>
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<p>Conceptos como el de sociedad de la información forman parte ya del lenguaje cotidiano. La influencia de las tecnologías de información y comunicación (TIC) y las consecuencias de la globalización han tenido un indudable efecto transformador en la medida en que están desmantelando viejos modos de pensar y funcionar. El desarrollo de las llamadas nuevas tecnologías nos capacita para formular las cosas de manera diferente, aportando nuevos medios al proceso y a los sistemas de producción de los diversos bienes y servicios culturales, así como a las formas de distribución y transmisión de información. Estamos ante la imposición y desarrollo de un nuevo sistema económico, social y tecnológico que se caracteriza por la importancia de la información como elemento básico para la creación de conocimiento y para la satisfacción de las necesidades de una sociedad resultado de la rápida difusión y democratización de las TIC. En esta última década destaca especialmente el papel de Internet como infraestructura que ha preparado el camino a la sociedad de la información, ya que ha aportado un medio de comunicación e intercambio de datos asequible a amplios sectores de la sociedad. Internet, y en especial algunos de sus  servicios como la WWW, se convierten en una herramienta altamente eficaz de difusión de información que permite el acceso a millones de páginas de contenidos textuales y multimedia. Devuelve al ciudadano la capacidad de participación en redes distribuidas de difícil control político y combina en cierta forma (y mediante diferentes tecnologías) los aspectos deliberativos y participativos aparentemente incompatibles con modelos previos. Conceptos como el de fomentar la conversación, la hipertextualidad, la multipresencia, el intercambio de opiniones y enlaces, la comunicación participativa, el archivo compartido, la sindicación de contenidos, etc.,  son claves en el desarrollo de las estrategias de comunicación cultural, política o social. Estamos ante una nueva era que se caracteriza por la colaboración entre colectivos que trabajan en comunidades con gran capacidad de organización y comunicación, explorando, reflexionando y aportando energía a movimientos y procesos tales como el acceso a software de código libre,  el acceso libre a la información, la transformación de los medios de comunicación, la disolución de la autoría y  los conflictos con la propiedad, el software social, etc. Las TIC tienen un uso del tiempo y del espacio muy diferente a los medios  tradicionales lo que inevitablemente está modificando la percepción que tenemos sobre algunas cuestiones fundamentales. Se habla mucho de inmediatez, pero también se puede hablar de continua reelaboración y sobre todo de permanencia de la información. Podemos generar y consumir contenidos muy rápidamente, pero también modificarlos y recuperarlos con la misma celeridad, se trata de un archivo en continua elaboración y revisión, con unos niveles de accesibilidad hasta ahora desconocidos. Las grandes contenedores del saber, los gestores de la información deben de transformar sus estructuras. El mismo concepto de biblioteca pública, fiel a los principios que han justificado su existencia desde su creación en el siglo XIX, debe de adaptar su funcionalidad a la nueva realidad. En esta nueva realidad, la biblioteca pública, que siempre ha utilizado la información como materia prima de  su actividad, debe de transformarse en una institución con un enorme potencial, enfatizando ese potencial en el acceso a la información, a la formación permanente y a los registros culturales en un nuevo entorno de contenidos digitales y de redes de comunicaciones rápidas y económicamente asequibles. Debería de privilegiarse, si quiere sobrevivir, como una puerta de acceso a la sociedad de la información y como factor de equilibrio para evitar que los avances tecnológicos agraven la tendencia latente a la exclusión social de determinados colectivos. Eso sí, tendrá que adaptarse e ir dejando atrás la idea de biblioteca como lugar, como realidad física limitada por los muros que cierran su recinto, y convertirse en entidad lógica y centro de servicios. La biblioteca digital es utópica en el sentido plenamente etimológico del término, ya que no es posible situarla en unas coordenadas espaciales precisas. Ya no nos interesa tanto  quienes son los garantes de la información, quienes la atesoran, mas bien quienes nos pueden ayudar a transformar dicha información en conocimiento efectivo para el completo desarrollo de nuestras vidas.</p>
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<p>El caso es que todos estos procesos recientes puestos en marcha han acabado por dinamitar los muros del Convento, en este caso monasterio,  como garante del preciado tesoro del conocimiento. La biblioteca del Emperador ha quedado totalmente expuesta a la chusma, el granito se torna transparente arrojando luz a su interior. Se han caído también los murallones del Castillo de Simancas que albergan el Archivo General y muestra ahora lo que estaba oculto. La caída de todas estas defensas ha provocado que se desborden los caudales de los fosos que los rodean y, hasta entonces, protegían de asaltos malintencionados. Sus aguas desbordadas provocan confusión en las poblaciones circundantes, sus habitantes se dividen entre quienes se atreven a dirigirse hacia el interior del archivo y quienes se ven superados por la confusión de tal novedad. La realidad es que el archivo ha quedado a merced del pueblo, sin su anillo defensivo amurallado, nada ni  nadie puede impedir que la información contenida quede en pública exhibición. Y al parecer no es un proceso aislado, se ha corrido la voz y lo mismo está ocurriendo en otros lugares del planeta. La confusión de los primeros momentos es total. Muchos no saben que hacer con todo aquel caudal, en cambio otros parecen desenvolverse con cierta agilidad en este nuevo contexto, atesorando todo cuanto cae en sus manos (Diógenes digital), convirtiéndose ellos mismos en garantes de la información que atesoran con codicia.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.danielandujar.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/03/diogenesdj7.jpg" title="diogenesdj7.jpg"><img src="http://www.danielandujar.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/03/diogenesdj7.jpg" alt="diogenesdj7.jpg" /></a><a href="http://www.danielandujar.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/03/url.jpg" title="url.jpg"><img src="http://www.danielandujar.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/03/url.jpg" alt="url.jpg" /></a><a href="http://www.danielandujar.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/03/emule6hm.jpg" title="emule6hm.jpg"><img src="http://www.danielandujar.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/03/emule6hm.jpg" alt="emule6hm.jpg" /></a></p>
<p>Resulta francamente difícil avanzar al ritmo que exige el desarrollo tecnológico en una sociedad cuyo ambiente general es todavía poco favorable a la introducción de las TIC. Las empresas, la Administración Pública, el mundo institucional, el sistema educativo y algunos sectores de la sociedad se muestran muy reacios a adaptarse a la nueva realidad, también es verdad que en parte carecen de recursos necesarios y la preparación adecuada. Quienes nos dedicamos al mundo del arte, tampoco podemos escapar de este proceso de recontextualización. La oposición de algunos artistas contra el sistema hegemónico institucional de los 60-70 apenas resolvieron algunos aspectos puntuales que ahora parecen agravarse con este nuevo tirón de alfombra bajo los piés. El Museo, ese mausoleo contenedor de reliquias artísticas, y ahora el nuevo Centro de Arte tienen serias dificultades, al menos por el momento, para adaptarse a esta nueva realidad. Muchas instituciones culturales siguen ignorando el cambio, aferrándose a viejos modelos basados en el control jerárquico de la información y el tutelaje de la ciudadanía. No se dan cuenta de que están inmersos en un proceso de cambio profundo de las relaciones entre las entidades culturales y sus públicos objetivos.  No parecen entender que una de las principales transformaciones de la era de la Sociedad Informacional es la evolución de los hábitos en el público y las audiencias, hasta el punto que podemos hablar también de la nueva era de la participación y la interpretación. El público del mundo del arte, los visitantes a museos y centros culturales, los participantes en diferentes eventos culturales, ya no quieren limitarse a recibir información sobre los distintos acontecimientos, sino que, además, quieren interactuar en los nuevos medios de comunicación pasando a formar parte del mismo proceso de transmisión de la información, quieren ser parte activa en el proceso de transformación de esa información en conocimiento. Son muy pocas las instituciones culturales que están atendiendo esta realidad cada vez más aplastante. Los responsables de comunicación de estos museos y centros culturales se sienten muy cómodos con un modelo de comunicación lineal y unidireccional que no  ofrecen canales de comunicación y participación colaborativa permitiendo acceso a los sistemas de selección y criterio social de la información. Las instituciones culturales dedican un gran esfuerzo a la organización de las tradicionales ruedas de prensa cuyo principal objetivo es la obtención de reseñas y cobertura mediática en las secciones de cultura y sociedad de los principales medios de comunicación tradicionales (prensa escrita, radio y TV) y en sus correspondientes suplementos culturales. Reseñas emitidas de forma unilateral que no serán contrastadas ni pasarán a ser gestionadas por la institución productora con el fin de ofrecer más información y opinión cualificada sobre la exposición a sus potenciales visitantes y usuarios. En el mismo sentido podemos imaginar la relación con el público, la desproporción entre la publicidad del medio emisor y la poca capacidad del mismo para recoger las reacciones del mismo. Discursos unilaterales, cerrados, definidos, sin posibilidad de contestación, sin posibilidad de participación y gestión colectiva.   Si observamos con detenimiento el ritual, si acercamos la lupa a la liturgia de la cultura nos llegaremos a preguntar, qué hacen todas esas personas con sandalias y calcetines agolpándose en grupos a las puertas de nuestros museos. No tienen pinta de estar concluyendo un complejo proceso por el cual la producción cultural que realizamos los artistas se convierta en socialmente representativa, cargándose de significado y fuerza simbólica. Viendo el trasiego de autobuses repletos de estudiantes o turistas qué entran y salen del museo, deduzco que todos estos visitantes no parecen participar tampoco de ningún proceso de participación colectiva, más allá del mero hecho de ir juntos a un mismo sitio, más bien tienen pinta de acudir a una especie de &#8220;gabinete de curiosidades&#8221; o a un extraño ritual de fe con escasa capacidad recreativa. Ya nos lo aclaraba una carta de la Icomos (Internacional Council of Monuments and Sites), “el turismo cultural es aquella forma de turismo que tiene por objeto, entre otros fines, el conocimiento de monumentos y sitios histórico-artísticos”, o sea que tampoco tienen la obligación, según el documento de los museos, de confraternizar con los artistas, otros agentes culturales, o cualquier miembro del contexto socio-cultural, aunque sí han de adquirir cierto nivel de conocimiento sobre el “sitio”. El problema es que el “sitio” está desapareciendo, físicamente, o se está transformando en “otra cosa”.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.danielandujar.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/03/vinilofh9.jpg" title="vinilofh9.jpg"><img src="http://www.danielandujar.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/03/vinilofh9.jpg" alt="vinilofh9.jpg" /></a></p>
<p>La institución museística está sin duda ante un reto no exento de paradojas e incluso contradicciones, la paradoja de constituir físicamente un centro para promover iniciativas culturales que cada vez tienen un marco de representación más difuso. Donde cada vez más los sistemas de representación y difusión pasan a través de redes inmateriales y que a su vez necesitan irremediablemente de un contenedor físico, un espacio real desde el que emitir y producir. Cada vez será más difícil el concepto de lo permanente y más probable el de zonas híbridas y temporales donde la gente puede reunirse, hablar, trabajar, incluso celebrar juntos, disolverse como grupo social, trasladarse, y/o formar un nuevo grupo. Hemos de asumir estas contradicciones. La contradicción de un proceso cultural necesariamente lento frente a un ritmo de desarrollo tecnológico y social frenético.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.danielandujar.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/03/103_0369.jpg" title="103_0369.jpg"><img src="http://www.danielandujar.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/03/103_0369.jpg" alt="103_0369.jpg" /></a></p>
<p>Al igual que la Biblioteca, los espacios dedicados a las artes visuales tendrán que  convertirse en un espacio en el que generar conocimiento; manejar información, producir, exhibir y difundir, más que almacenar objetos u ordenar en vitrinas. Un centro-laboratorio de los medios, un centro de recursos dotado y familiarizado con los usos contemporáneos en materia de TIC. Un espacio abierto, un canal de comunicación entre estructuras sociales tácticas e independientes, el mundo más académico y la teoría, la práctica artística contemporánea y la experimentación, el que es de “allí” y el de “allá”. Debe de ser en ese sentido más un medio que un fin en si mismo. Las políticas culturales de los últimos años parece que han sido diseñadas para hablar de arte pero al margen de los artistas. Al parecer los artistas no somos agentes culturales válidos más allá de nuestro mero papel decorativo carente de mayor funcionalidad en el Sistema Cultural. Seguramente nuestra secular incapacidad manifiesta para dotarnos de recursos con los que poder influir en la opinión pública y condicionar la oferta y demanda de bienes y servicios culturales nos ha puesto en esta incómoda posición ¿O será que todo ha cambiado?, ¿qué ya no hablamos de la cultura como un bien y servicio público? Mientras perdemos el tiempo paseando nuestro ego por los salones más exquisitos, mendigando espacios de visibilidad en la precariedad, los profesionales del Marketing Cultural conspiran a nuestras espaldas, utilizando su jerga perversa: responsabilidad social corporativa, mercantilización de los procesos colectivos, industrias culturales&#8230;<br />
<a href="http://www.danielandujar.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/03/101_0152.jpg" title="101_0152.jpg"><img src="http://www.danielandujar.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/03/101_0152.jpg" alt="101_0152.jpg" /></a></p>
<p>Los agentes culturales de un territorio son las personas, grupos o instituciones que intervienen en la creación, la producción, la exhibición o la conservación, entablando relaciones que afectan a la configuración del Sistema Cultural Local y que disponen de recursos para poder influir en la opinión pública y condicionar la oferta y/o la demanda de bienes y servicios culturales. La información es poder,  sobre esto parece haber un amplio consenso, pero no podemos dejarlo en manos de un cualquiera de turno.  Debemos llamar la atención sobre la importancia que adquiere el consumo informativo como proceso de producción de sentido en la conformación de las identidades culturales, destacando la actividad de los públicos en su interacción con los canales y los mensajes de la cultura de masas, como parte de un proceso amplio y complejo, en torno a las industrias culturales y de comunicación. La lógica funcional de las industrias culturales ha quedado obsoleta.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.danielandujar.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/03/16-universidad.jpg" title="16-universidad.jpg"><img src="http://www.danielandujar.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/03/16-universidad.jpg" alt="16-universidad.jpg" /></a></p>
<p>La adaptación de la sociedad a estos nuevos usos y costumbres, desafíos y transformaciones, supone un reto sin precedentes, también para los artistas. Se trata de hacer frente a este reto con el objeto de facilitar el desarrollo de una nueva concepción de práctica artística con una infraestructura de investigación desarrollada, para una fuerza de trabajo inmaterial, y con actitud innovadora y emprendedora. Estamos, sin duda, ante una reformulación de los procesos de producción, transmisión y apropiación de los bienes simbólicos que nos hace replantearnos los modelos de construcción de subjetividad y organización social. Debemos de utilizar las herramientas que tenemos a nuestro alcance y que deben de permitir al ciudadano la capacidad de participación en redes distribuidas de difícil control político y combinar en cierta forma (y mediante diferentes tecnologías) los aspectos deliberativos y participativos aparentemente incompatibles con modelos previos. La ciudadanía (casi reducida su capacidad a la de meros consumidores) está desatando fuerzas que “aplanaran” las empresas y los gobiernos y está creando una nueva sociedad civil. Particularmente creo que estamos continuamente redefiniendo parcelas de poder y esto producirá ‘malos entendidos’ y confrontaciones inevitables. La reclamación de un espacio público es una constante histórica que está también en permanente redefinición, se trata de no bajar la guardia a la hora de afrontar nuevos retos y de encontrar nuevas vías que permitan a la sociedad expresarse con absoluta libertad. Ahora mismo trabajamos en un espacio muy reducido, sometido a continuas presiones, que es necesario ampliar. La tensión entonces será irremediable. Asumamos nuestra responsabilidad. El colectivo de artistas visuales no puede atrincherarse como mero sirviente de las estructuras culturales establecidas salvaguardando posiciones indefendibles. Quienes nos dedicamos a la práctica artística debemos de ayudar a introducir las transformaciones necesarias que permitan modificar las estructuras fundamentales de la Institución-Arte, destruyendo sus cimientos si fuera necesario, convirtiendo en ruinas su castillo. Arrimando el hombro en un proceso colectivo imparable.</p>
<address><span style="font-style: italic"> Las ideas aquí expresadas forman parte de un proceso cultural complejo y seguramente participan de argumentos extraídos de conversaciones de taberna o de la red, por lo que el texto debe de quedar sujeto a licencia Creative Commons: “Reconocimiento-NoComercial 2.5 España”, por la que usted es libre de copiar, distribuir y comunicar públicamente la obra, hacer obras derivadas.</span></address>
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		<title>Creating a surrounding world</title>
		<link>http://www.danielandujar.org/2008/01/10/creating-a-surrounding-world/</link>
		<comments>http://www.danielandujar.org/2008/01/10/creating-a-surrounding-world/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 10 Jan 2008 14:37:22 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[English]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Text]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[2006]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Álvaro de los Ángeles]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Copyright]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Hack]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[HackLandscape]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Horacio Fernández]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Information Society]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Landscape]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[PHE06]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[by Álvaro de los Ángeles, 2006
Arcades first appeared in Paris in the first third of the nineteenth century and became increasingly commonplace, as Walter Benjamin points out, with the growth of the textile trade, which marked the beginning of a hitherto unknown relationship between the inhabitant as a customer/buyer (user) and the city. Glass, iron, [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://www.danielandujar.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/01/dsc_0023b.jpg" title="Hacklandscape"><img src="http://www.danielandujar.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/01/dsc_0023b.jpg" alt="Hacklandscape" height="512" width="742" /></a>by Álvaro de los Ángeles, 2006</p>
<p>Arcades first appeared in Paris in the first third of the nineteenth century and became increasingly commonplace, as Walter Benjamin points out, with the growth of the textile trade, which marked the beginning of a hitherto unknown relationship between the inhabitant as a customer/buyer (user) and the city. Glass, iron, overhead light and artificial lighting -&#8221;The arcades were the setting for the first gas lighting,&#8221;&#8216; wrote Benjamin- covered entire blocks of buildings. This new architectural concept was in keeping with the period of change and the industrial revolution it formed part of. However, it also represented the ubiquity of a city inside a larger city, a clear attempt to create a &#8220;new&#8221; world inside a known one, while evoking the ideals of progress and well-being, albeit founded on a virtual idea, unreal or unattainable, that the physical and tangible world no longer seemed capable of generating or achieving.<span id="more-5"></span><br />
In much the same way as painting, panoramic views faithfully reflect nature, but, in extending further than painting, they convert it into a lifelike experience thanks to the lighting, generating transitions of light that imitate day and night using effects normally associated with illusionism. In employing features that belong to the scenic arts, panoramic views represent at the same time the prelude to &#8220;&#8221;photography, silent film and sound film&#8221;2. These modes of recording a world in constant flux (modes engaged in an almost constant transition and interrelated with each other), became gradually more feasible when technological advances made it possible to convert into scientific practice the theory that enabled the albeit problematic use of the magic lantern. As a result of one of these transitions, Daguerre, after losing his most developed panoramic views in a fire in 1839, unveiled his daguerreotype, an improved appropriation of the methods of Nicéphore Niépce (above all in relation to the medium and the fixing of the image), something that gave him a disproportionate amount of fame as a pioneer and a consummate illusionist. In other words, if the panoramic views can be viewed as the extension of painting within the ambit of the scenic arts, the appearance of photography momentarily and fragmentarily fixes part of that mystery played out in the settings. If lighting bestows credibility and verisimilitude upon large panoramic settings, then light is the essential material that enables the photographic act to take place, allowing both the photograph to be taken and the resulting image to emerge on a sensitised glass plate.<br />
By following the relevant thread, we can interpret the shop windows of the arcades as screens onto which products are projected, visible behind the transparency of the glass and inaccessible due to the pure thickness of its surface. They drive a desire that is only satisfied by the action of buying and selling. In the objects displayed in them we not only see the goods that we wish to purchase, we also project ourselves into a mental space where we &#8216;are wearing the clothes, eating the food, using the utensils or living with the furniture put in front of us. This projection operates, at the very least, in two directions. In seeing ourselves within this imaginary world, we plan the future from the present, we create a line of action, we want to see that this journey we are embarking on is feasible. On the other hand, we project an illusory reflection of ourselves, an idyllic image in which the future we imagine does not exist, and in which we would be incapable of handling it with complete freedom should we find ourselves in it. The truth is, we cannot control something that is shown to be intangible and which is also, to all intents and purposes, impossible to predict.</p>
<p>It is for this reason that the now ubiquitous compendium of artistic/social connotations that is cinema, whose high-quality prologue is written by the intense history of photography and other advances sensitive to the recording of the world, can be seen as the starting point of models revolving around the concept of desire: its impossible definitive conception (in that it is nothing other than a virtual projection on a screen); and its insatiable appeal (even in the knowledge of its non-conceivable character, we still want to see more and more derivatives of it). This figurative desire has traced a fascinating path that runs from modes of collective contemplation to others where the need for individual viewings and non-transferable personal experiences has been marked out with increasing clarity. Nevertheless, an initial phase in this differentiation was already present in the origins of the cinematic experience. Whereas the Lumière brothers, with their cinematograph (1895), enabled people to come together to watch cinema, linking it forever to the world of spectacle, Thomas Edison&#8217;s (1891-1894) kinetoscope laid the basis for the individualised enjoyment of the moving image, in the unreserved belief that there was no future in the social and collective act of viewing -either in cafes, in the early days, or in specially created rooms later on-. Was Edison, as the entire century that followed sought to demonstrate, really so wrong?<br />
It would perhaps be inaccurate to analyse both these options, synthesised herein, in line with such clearly delineated concepts as right or wrong, success or failure, as much as history enjoys such polarised divisions. With the supersonic intervention of digital technology, we now find ourselves at the onset of another technological revolution comparable to the one instigated by the appearance of photography and cinema, which were mainly differentiated (or nuanced rather) by the immediacy of the results, the speed of the perpetual changes, the technical (yet ideological) impossibility of an about-turn or even a simulated slowing-down of events. As a consequence, this constant, regular, unstoppable speed can only be analysed from the perspective of the individual, through an interchangeable interface that is employed solely by a single person: unipersonality, individualism, solitude in the face of the retro-lit screen.<br />
Collective networks created by the Internet generate a not-insignificant paradox: designed to provide wide-ranging solutions, they can only be responded to by individuals who know their logins, passwords, and access routes. Virtuality, perhaps as a reaffirmation of itself or because of the fear of being swallowed up by its own inconsistency, is obliged to surround itself with specific elements, passwords, serial numbers and compatible updates desperately anxious to replace what was there previously. All in all a vast range of options concealed behind the apparently cold and static normality of a screen (a window, but also a mirror) that is representative of each individual. However, underlying the concepts of absolute freedom are obstacles, restrictions, surveillance and control of practically every movement designed to expand the field of activity. Any action of this type generates, as a co-active counterbalance, a reaction that attempts to cancel or subdue it. Behind the translucent plastic casing and crystalline plasma screens of its machines, this transparent society retains part of the darkness so characteristic of the most time-honoured and claustrophobic subjugation of freedoms.<br />
Daniel G. Andújar and Technologies To The People (TTTP) have taken particular interest in the development and use of virtual communication and information networks, such as translation, at the level of the society in which they originate and which they represent. Their e-projects3 set out to respond to specific real needs of a certain sector of the population, through instruments based on virtuality, free access and an almost literal transcription of the Foucaultian &#8220;tool box&#8221;, where philosophy is replaced by a type of technology that is more social than scientific, more participative than contemplative. As they are virtual spaces of freedom, they become places that generate real dialectic conflicts between users- a micro-society that settles its differences as a mimesis of society in general. Elements such as accessibility, individuality, security, etc. lead to the possibility of constructing the surrounding world around it, with the added advantage of a wide range of options and the free selection of them. Obviously, this construction is based on existing cultural models tailored to the real demands of each user, including the organisation of their milieu in accordance with their needs, tastes or preferences. In this respect, Hack Landscape signifies one more stage in the development of personalised tools and perhaps constitutes one of the installations that best demonstrates, from a symbolic point of view, this social model supported around the construction of the milieu itself.<br />
It is a house/study that features several retro-projections of varying sizes positioned in such a way that they can be seen, totally or partially, from all four sides, and on whose walls are disposed windows or openings. The viewing public can see the mechanism used from the very beginning of the process. The production design is perfectly visible, as are the retro-projected screens and the interior space of the house, which is fitted out not in order to make it credible but to show it is functional and usable. It is for that reason that it has been conceived as a place of work as well as leisure, where technology is an omnipresent element, an unavoidable code (and an acquired civil right) for understanding the current mechanisms of the globalised world. From the inside of the room the screens are marginalised and delimited by the windows, each one of which -as elements that exist more than ever as connecters between two extreme spaces- offers a complex and different visual situation. It is from that vision that the screens supplant urban or natural spaces originating from fiction or taken directly, in real time, from a surveillance cameras. The unifying theme is the landscape or, to be exact, the representation of the landscape and our subjective, cultural and constructed vision of the original natural medium.<br />
The conflict between antagonists is clear from the very beginning. In addition to the aforementioned opposing effect between the visible structure of the projection mechanism and the illusion maintained from the room interior, the alternation between fiction and the reality of the projected audiovisual material can be added, as well as the continuous play between inside/outside, interior/exterior, light/shadow, etc., and, on the other hand, the eternal dichotomy between truth and untruth. Or between what is offered to us as true and that which we discover to be false. These two formal concepts, possessing a cultural and subjective construction, are usually associated with virtues or defects: goodness tends to be linked to truth, whereas falsity and untruths are linked to evil or disobedience (another erroneous and interestingly named concept). In this context, technology is used, and is propagated ad infinitum in the process, as an ideal tool for breaking up discourses designed to cause predetermined confusion, to offer an external image that conceals the real actions of its internal ideology. As a result. Hack Landscape reveals, in a single horizontal and dehierarchised plane, both the construction of the reality of the interior and the physical machinery that makes its technical and conceptual development possible.<br />
The argumentational origin of these oppositions has the potential to return us to the myth of the Platonic cave, where the shadows of real objects cast on the cavern employ here the polyvalent technology of audiovisual projections. For its part, the projected material, which acts as a synthesis of the recording that has been made individually or anonymously throughout the network, recreates from a multitude of angles an entire catalogue of mythological updates, from the reflection of Narcissus on the screen; to a sedentary and virtual Odyssey-&#8221;the motionless voyage&#8221;, in the words of Eugeni Bonet&#8217;- that is not far removed from cinematographic video-artistic and documentary references; and onto Sisyphus&#8217; inability to keep his mind on all the things that are happening (or the stone on top of the mountain).<br />
From a semantic point of view, Hack Landscape refers in this context to the colloquial voice that relates “hackers” to “computer pirates” (the title can thus be translated as &#8220;to pirate&#8221; or &#8220;to appropriate landscapes&#8221;). However, as a verb, “hack” also means “cut something up roughly, chop it into pieces”. This definition lends it a hardened, premeditatedly cruel character. a meaning that emanates from the dominant power that, as in other installations created with the support of TTTP, sets out in this work to perform a 180º turn and thereby put the result of the coercion face to face with the element generating it. “watching the watchful&#8221; as it were”.<br />
By way of rounding off this very brief analysis, I would like to turn my attention to the concept of creating the environment itself, to the way in which society has changed its behavioural and relationship-related habits in moving from collective uses to individualised modes. The possibility of multiple means of accessing information, leisure, Culture, and virtual experimentation, has lead to the Illumination of one world inside another. The image of landscapes in relation to the city is enough to understand the virtual world inside the physical one, where even sensations seem to become increasingly similar to the original ones they mimic or supplant. Hack Landscape is in no way a catastrophic vision of society today. Rather, it attempts to demonstrate, somewhat remotely, almost objectively, new tools for personalising the professional and domestic environment, all the time fusing the historical separation between our working lives and personal lives, or between the space where we work and where we rest. Everything appears to move into a type of dynamic simulation in which the outlines become blurred and the references become confused, in much the same way as received, stolen or legally used images “rethink” the values of reality or fiction, of authorship or anonymity. The creation of the space that surrounds this house/study takes another step forward in the process of representing the exterior space (regardless of the quality of this landscape) and questions it. Is our field of vision reduced to a panoramic view, to an oblong format? Or is this way of seeing a cultural construction, a synthesis, the literal translation of the picture, frame, window or the screen in the end?<br />
Without question, more so in this than in any other case, the end is the beginning, the question is the answer, the definition forms part of the heading.</p>
<p>All that remains is to look carefully, put the pieces together again and form a stance of one&#8217;s own from which to question, yet again, our entire surroundings.</p>
<p>Benjamin, Walter, Ellibro de los pasajes, Madrid. Akal, 2005. p. 38.<br />
Ibid. p. 40.<br />
e-valencia.org (online since November 2001, despite two attempts to censor it); e-barcelona.org (since 2004); a-sevilla.erg (since April2006); e-areo.org (created for Area 2003 but not online at the moment); e-seul and e-wac.org (created as part of the exhibition and debate project On Difference #1 organised by the Kunstverein in Stuttgart, online since May 2005).<br />
4 . Bonet, Eugeni: La invitación a1 viaje / imagen-movimienro-tiempo. In, Movimiento aparente. La invitación al viaje inmóvil en las tecnofogías ubicuas del tiempo, la imagen y fa pantalla (catalogue). Espai d&#8217;Art Contemporani de Castelló-EACC, Generalitat Valenciana, 2000.</p>
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		<title>Free Software on the Surface, Behind the Screen and in a Cultural Kaleidoscope:  X-Devian.</title>
		<link>http://www.danielandujar.org/2007/06/10/free-software-on-the-surface-behind-the-screen-and-in-a-cultural-kaleidoscope-x-devian/</link>
		<comments>http://www.danielandujar.org/2007/06/10/free-software-on-the-surface-behind-the-screen-and-in-a-cultural-kaleidoscope-x-devian/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 10 Jun 2007 14:33:01 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[English]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[2007]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[Distribution]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[Jacob Lillemose]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Operating System]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[X-Devian]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.danielandujar.org/2008/01/10/free-software-on-the-surface-behind-the-screen-and-in-a-cultural-kaleidoscope-x-devian/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[The New Technologies To The People® System
By Jacob Lillemose
In 1999, when the art and technology festival Ars Electronica awarded The Golden Nica, first prize in the ”.net” category, to the programmer Linus Torvalds for his development of the Linux operating system, it was pointing in general to the relationship between free software and art, and [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://www.danielandujar.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/02/akb-xd-08-small.jpg" title="akb x-devian"><img src="http://www.danielandujar.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/02/akb-xd-08-small.jpg" alt="akb x-devian" /></a>The New Technologies To The People® System</p>
<p>By Jacob Lillemose</p>
<p>In 1999, when the art and technology festival Ars Electronica awarded The Golden Nica, first prize in the ”.net” category, to the programmer Linus Torvalds for his development of the Linux operating system, it was pointing in general to the relationship between free software and art, and more specifically to the affinity between free software and that part of contemporary art which is concerned with software’s constantly increasing influence on social, economic and political conditions.  Like Linux, this part of contemporary art works against the proprietary software industry’s standardization, repression and rationalization of the software culture, and instead explores alternate possibilities for freeing the software culture through more open, expressive and speculative processes.<br />
On a more indirect level, Ars Electronica’s choice of Linux also emphasized another relationship between free software and this contemporary art, i.e. the idea informing both that software is not just a question of programming, but of producing culture &#8211; of understanding and using technology as a means of engaging in a social context.  According to the founder of the Free Software Foundation (FSF) Richard Stallman, free software is about ”practical material advantages” but also about ”what kind of society we want to live in, and what constitutes a good society”. 1  Stallman himself imagines an extremely collective and creative society founded on the freedom to ”use, study, copy, modify and redistribute software”.  For him, the free software’s fundamental abolishment of intellectual property rights represents a chance to structurally and conceptually ”reprogram” society for the better, and this is an opinion he shares with much of contemporary art.<span id="more-4"></span><br />
Ars Electronica’s linking of free software and contemporary art turned out to be almost prophetic.  What then was still limited to a few isolated projects has since developed into a far-reaching and agenda-setting discourse, so that free software and related trends today make up an integrated and considerable part of artistic practice and theory.  Free software code is translated to aesthetic principles for the development and renewal of social conditions, ranging from material interpretations of open sources and digital challenges to intellectual copyrights to a general interest in independent networks and self-organized communities based on collective production and sharing.<br />
<strong><br />
”Distribution” and ’Distribution’ of Linux</strong><br />
The installation X-Devian. The New Technologies To The People® System (2005- ) by the Spanish artist Daniel Garcia Andujar and his company Technologies To The People® 2 is a literal and at the same time fictionalized example of this exchange. Of how free software as a thematic field, model and ethic can inspire contemporary art to take new directions, and of how the visual, spatial and conceptual language of contemporary art can stage free software on an abstract level and discuss its meaning in relation to general problems in society.  For, even though Stallman emphasizes the societal perspective, free software in the broad public consciousness is still a specific, and for the most part, unfamiliar question of programming.  Only a few understand free software as a living, inclusive and creative culture where it is possible to change important social relationships.  And precisely this challenge to and expansion of the general awareness of free software – and for that matter also the free software community’s self-understanding – is at the heart of X-Devian.  Using information, criticism and staging in equal measure, the work creates an alternative interface to free software – one that invites you to reflect, assume a position and participate.<br />
The installation is built up around a two-part ”story” of the operating system X-Devian, which unfolds in an advertizing campaign in which you are introduced to X-Devian as a product, and also in a sort of laboratory environment in which you have access to hands-on exploration of  the operating system and to various information on free software.  The two narratives exist as parallel and independent thematizations of specific aspects of free software, but the installation also establishes connections between them that are complex, problematic and subversive.  And, in these connections, in the encounter bewtween the two narratives, exchanges, correlations and fractures emerge that open possibilities for new conceptions of free software, in the general consciousness as well as in the free-software-environment’s self-understanding.<br />
Formally, X-Devian is a so-called ’distribution’ of the Ubuntu operating system, which within the free-software community refers to a variant of a system based on GNU/Linux, e.g. Ubuntu3.  X-Devian is also a distribution, in that the installation hands out the newest version of Ubuntu on CD-ROM, so that visitors can take the program home and run it on their own computers.  As a variant  &#8211; in the technical sense – the work does not differ from Ubuntu; the software is identical.  But as the name indicates, X-Devian is also a special ”variant”4.  As a work, X-Devian is an actual distribution of GNU/Linux via a narrative of a fictional variant of a system that exists ”only” as an artwork and whose representation and conceptualization of the system is substantially different from Ubuntu’s own.  In the free software community, program development is the primary focus, while representation and conceptualization have limited interest aside from logo design and the formulation of licenses.  In X-Devian, the focus, on the other hand, is on representation and conceptualization as a strategy to discuss free software in relation to a number of themes that do not deal with software alone, but also with software culture.  With the ability of the artistic language to bring meaning into play, the work develops the cultural stories, pictures and concepts that form our ideas (and use) of free software and constitute a part of the ’distribution’ that is just as important as the actual program development.<br />
As a part of this representational and conceptual development, the work utilizes a number of components that are more or less directly related to the X-Devian operating system.  There is the software itself, a graphical profile, a homepage, a promotional video database, a collection of licenses, specially designed tables, scrapped hardware, and workshops.  The individual components can be combined and modified in relation to the indvidual exhibition and as such, the work does not have a fixed form, but constitutes a flexible and changeable entity.5  In its aesthetic form, X-Devian thus reflects free software’s idea of changeability and adaptability in relation to specific situations (utilizing local distributions as far as possible).  In a wider sense, the form also reflects that the distribution of free software can take place on many levels at the same time and in a network of various ways of developing, understanding and using it.  Rather than isolating free software as an essence, the work unfolds free software as an assemblage of contextual practices and discourses.</p>
<p><strong>Ambiguous Backdrop</strong><br />
The installation of X-Devian in the Århus Kunstbygning involves both the advertizing campaign and the laboratory and connects them in a more literal way than in Andujar’s earlier installations of the work.  The words ”Access to Technology is a Human RightTM ” – the slogan for Technologies To The People® &#8211; are displayed on the one side-wall that runs through both ”story rooms” so that you have to move from one room to the other in order to read the entire sentence.  The slogan thus forms a unified, conceptual statement that the activities in both rooms are played against, a sort of theatrical backdrop for the work’s two acts. Technologies To The People® introduced this slogan in the mid-90s when the company ran a pioneering business on the internet with a series of projects that with style-conscious irony and political attitudes thematized the internet’s potential democratization (and parallel hyper-commercialization) of the technological culture, e.g. a campaign for the product iSAMTM, a portable credit card machine for beggars.6 The slogan expresses the company’s understanding of technology as being based in universal principles of a freer and more equal world, as a progressive social process, in contrast to technology as a profit-generating product that is only for the technically initiated and economically well-off.  As indicated by the company name, Technologies To The People® works for technology for the people – not the people in the traditional national sense, but the global, civil population that arose together with the information and network society.   The company is especially interested in the part of the population that is otherwise unempowered and excluded – precisely because they do not have access to technology.  In connection with iSAMTM the company describes its target group in this way: ”Technologies To The People® is aimed at people in the so-called Third World as well as the homeless, orphaned, unemployed, runaways, immigrants, alcoholics, drug addicts, people suffering from mentally dysfunctions and all other categories of ’undesirables’.  Technologies To The People® is for people denied access to the new information society and new technologies. Technologies To The People® wants more people to be networked”.7   According to Technologies To The People®, technology can activate this global population’s civil, autonomous and creative engagement in the network society.  At the same time, the slogan also echoes Stallman’s concept of software as an ethical set of rules and the idea that technology should serve the cause of goodness and justice.<br />
But ”Access to Technology is a Human RightTM ” also introduces the double-sidedness or rather the ambiguity that characterizes all Technologies To The People® projects, including X-Devian.  For, can good intentions be presented in a slogan and be trademarked?  And, doesn’t the proprietary software industry market itself as enriching the life of the individual as well as society in general, while exploiting them in their own interest and to profit?  What is the sub-title of the slogan, the actual reference in the symbolic statement?  It is, in any case, unclear, just as Technologies To The People® as a company cannot be immediately identified.  As has been written about it, ”one can’t completely determine whether TTTP® is in fact a politically correct company or whether its engagement in social and cultural issues is just a strategy to control the market?” 8 The ambiguity signals that technology in itself is not characterized by any inner ”necessity”, but is a tool whose ”politics” is dependent on its usage.  Technology can just as well serve controlling powers as it can free human beings individually and collectively, depending on how one defines for example ”access to technology” and ”human rights”.  Therefore all technology-hype and utopia, whether formulated by dotcom successes or ”techno-hippies” such as Stallman, must be countered by a dual consciousness, political discussion and critical practice.  Otherwise there is a risk that (the understanding of) technology gets lost in ideological dead-ends.  Besides connecting the two worlds of the work, the slogan dramatizes a general uncertainty and ambivalence that encodes the access to X-Devian with a mixture of skepticism and idealism, distrustful and visionary views.</p>
<p><strong>Hacking the ”World’s Most Advanced Operating System”</strong><br />
The first part of the installation is centered around a larger-than-life picture of a hand displaying a CD with a white ”X” on a black background.  The stylistically clean graphical design forms an easily identifiable and powerful visual framework, while X-Devian’s slogan ”the evolution of the species” – which is also written on the CD – signifies that this product is the most advanced in the software industry / culture and a natural part of human progress.  To the right of the picture a promotional video  is playing in which an enthusiastic programmer (wearing a suit and dreadlocks = serious yet relaxed) at high speed and accompanied by dramatic, synthesizer music talks with other creative users about the operating system’s many fantastic features.  They are informally gathered in front of a computer in a boutique landscape that, with its glass walls and hectic activity signals that X-Devian addresses itself to an open and dynamic environment.  To the left of the picture is a physical version of the CD, placed on an illuminated podium almost as if it were a work of art itself.  This part thus has the character of a convention stand, that  &#8211; using the same rhetorics as commercial software products – is meant to attract attention, fascinate and stimulate a desire for the operating system.  It does this quite literally, for the logo and video have been appropriated from Apple’s campaign for its Mac OS X operating system.  Andujar has simply manipulated the video by replacing the screen shots and logo.  He has done the same thing on X-Devian’s homepage, where under the slogan ”advancing the world’s most advanced operating system” you can read about Debian and free software instead of about Mac OS X from whose homepage the slogan and design have been appropriated.9<br />
Appropriation is a both an act and a genre in modern and post-modern art’s confrontation with the idea of the original and unique artwork – a work that is created from nothing, that has no references except to itself and cannot be reproduced.  However, these kinds of art-philosophical problems, even though they constitute an implicit condition for the work, are not Andujar’s focus in X-Devian. Its appropriation strategy lies rather in an extension of hacking (in the non-criminal sense!) and hacking-inspired phenomena such as culture jamming, adbusting and tactical media.10 And art-historically, this has connections to the Situationists’ concept of détournement and the media-conscious Latin-American conceptual art, especially Cildo Meireles’s Insertions into Ideological Circuits (1970) in which the artist wrote political slogans on empty Coca-Cola bottles becoming visible only when the bottles were filled up again.  Here we have appropriation of a rather different, society-oriented character where symbols and rhetorics should not be understood as aesthetic elements – as a question of style – but rather as carriers of meaning, an integral part of questions of politics,  power and ideology.<br />
This form of appropriation also characterizes other earlier works11 by Andujar and express a general preoccupation with ”hacking the system”  &#8211; whether that of the dotcom culture,  the surveillance society or – as with X-Devian – the proprietary software industry.  Hacking a system refers to informal, artificial and often humoristic tactics where Andujar, instead of criticizing the system from a dialectic or confrontational opposition – by being directly against it – intervenes in the system in order to operate critically from the inside, for example by taking the system’s own logic to an absurd consequence or by simply taking over the logic.  He turns the system’s own resources and values against itself, while at the same time – which is especially clear in X-Devian –  he symbolically reverses the sign and the actual content.  Instead of accepting and allowing himself to be controlled by the system’s conditions, he uses the system in other ways and for ends other than those the system prescribes ( parallel to the way various free software licenses appropriate prevailing copyright laws in order to cancel out these very laws).  The system is not determinational, self-maintaining and balanced in the classical scientific sense, but is understood as an open, heterogeneous quantity that can be formed via interacting analyses and interpretations.<br />
X-Devian intentionally misreads Apple’s ”X” as a symbol for the undefined and potential, an essential figure for the development of free software – instead of reading it as an exact character for the description of Apple’s operating system.  The work takes Apple at face value and utilizes the X’s ambivalence with subversive cleverness.  The system’s identity is disturbed and transformed to a schizophrenic matrix.  The appropriation reconceptualizes the closed system that the product Mac OS X represents in relation to a radical open network.  It cancels the unity-character and limitation of the product by establishing connections to spheres of meaning beyond the system – for example to free software, to Technologies To The People® and to the art institution by force of being exhibited there.<br />
Andujar’s use of appropriation is furthermore relevant in that the work thematizes the very meaning of intellectual property and copyrights – not only in relation to the software but to language and codes on a higher, societal level.  A classic hacker motto is ”information wants to be free” (by the way, a motto that harmonizes with the slogan of Technologies To The People®’).  The freedom of information thus relates not only to programming communitites, but to the information society generally – which is a basic point in X-Devian.  For, by appropriating Apple’s campaign, rather than its product, the work’s first part focuses not on software as information, but on information about software, i.e. its visual and linguistic representation and the software-cultural concepts, mythologies and politics it is based on and generates.  As representation the campagn is meant not only to stimulate a desire to buy a product, but also to introduce a specific user, a specific use and a specific culture which you are meant to identify with, in case you buy it.  When Apple’s campaign talks about ”improving the most advanced operating system” that is ”built up around you to make your life even easier” it is defining some extremely ordinary conceptions of software in regard to a specific product, a commercial brand and a proprietary software culture.  Neither Apple nor other proprietary software firms, however, have the property rights to use such concepts and define what they mean.12 Free software can just as well be the reference for these concepts, and the meaning would then be totally different both in relation to the ”product” and the culture.  When Andujar appropriates Apple’s campaign, it’s to show the importance of conceptualizing the representation of software in relation to the principles of freedom that underlie free software itself.  Just like software itself, information about software must be distributed and developed beyond any form of intellectual ownership by way of an open and shared process of hacks.  By hacking the representation of software – in the sense of setting it free – X-Devian displays free software as fundamentally different, partly as a differently distributed form of discourse than the centralized form that the proprietary software industry uses, partly as a different social and autonomous cultural context for conceiving of ”the most advanced operating system”.<br />
In the free software community, as indicated above, the representation is considered secondary, if not actually irrelevant.  Part of the community’s identity has been to distance itself markedly from the spectacular and speculative representation of software that characterizes the proprietary software industry.  The Free Software Foundation’s and Linux’s homepages are symptomatic in this respect:  they include no pictures (except the minimal reproduction of their respective logos) or other aesthetic elements, but consist purely of text. Though this distance-taking has profiled the free software’s ”otherness”, it also seems to have limited the integration and possibilities of free software in a wider software-cultural context.13 For in this context, free software is to a large extent a consciousness-phenomenon, not just software.  Therefore, free software is not just about using a different program, but is about creating other stories, pictures and abstract ideas of software and other interfaces.  For it is not by way of a concrete installation of the operating system on a personal computer that the understanding of the use of free software begins, but rather in the abstract cultural meanings that the various interfaces in the ”shop”, in the media and on the net generate.  And it is these interfaces that X-Devian hacks in order to create what you might call an artistic interface to free software.  Though it is ironic both in regard to Apple and free software, it is still a serious attempt to represent and conceptualize free software as more than just data.  It uses art’s freedom to create ideas of free software which are based on and deal with human experience, imagination and play.  And by including this field – art’s field – the work points towards new symbolic, imaginary, and conceptual horizons for the development of free software.</p>
<p><strong>Information and the Community Behind It</strong><br />
In the second part of the installation, you get behind the X-Devian interface to the software itself and the free software as environment, network and activity.  The transition is ”illustrated” by using significantly different information-aesthetics and by a significantly different relationship between the work and the public, the software and the observer.  This part has the character of a mixture of an amateur laboratory, a temporary classroom and an undefined public space.  Spread about the room there are tables with online computers – running X-Devian – on which you can aquaint yourself with the content of the homepage and experience how the software actually functions.  One of the computers also contains a video database on free software, where you can see – among other things – interviews with Richard Stallman.  Lying on the tables are various parts from disassembled computers, interconnected in a non-functional way (another look behind the interface), as well as books and texts about programming, software and ”free culture”.  Finally, on a black-painted wall, across from the wall with the ”Access to Technololgy is a Human RightTM” text, hang photocopies of various free-software licenses that you can take down and read.<br />
While X-Devian’s first part communicates using visual and linguistic simplicity (symbolized by the black-and-white graphics) and focuses on ”the product”, the work’s second part is much more complex and non-centered (symbolized by – among other things – the blacked-out windows and the inscrutable configurations of computer parts that are spread out on the tables).  Here you can explore texts, programs and video-files about free software.  Here free software constitutes a space for activity integrated in a physical reality of material, human beings and energy (It’s also here that Andujar runs his workshops).  Here there’s no advertizing for a fictitious piece of software.  Here you are invited and challenged both on a personal and collective level to participate in an actual existing software culture.<br />
With its connotations of a ”workplace”, X-Devian’s second part sets the scene for an interactive round with free software.  Not in the banal click-and-see sense as other software and much digital art prescribes, men in an expanded sense as the choice, acquisition and interpretation of information.  The public is not addressed as a uniform mass of consumers, but as a multiplicity of independent users, knowledge producers and cultural critics.  Nor does the work dictate a particular reading of the information, but rather underlines its availability and potential.<br />
While the first part presents software as a finished product, the second part presents free software as an informational database that does not ”belong” to the work, but participates in the work by way of its connections to external informational processes and networks.  X-Devian’s homepage links only to project homepages ”outside” of the work, e.g. The Free Software Foundation and The Debian Project – and in the collection of video clips other voices are heard besides Technologies To The People®, for example Stallman.  In other words, the database refers not to a particular product, but to a culture of possibilities that instead of uniformity and standards is characterized by a fundamental openness and diversity.<br />
This point is also illustrated by the different variations of free-software licenses that are hung on the one wall.  Free-software licenses – as opposed to the ”all rights reserved” licenses under which proprietary software is issued – are not a universal text, but rather a question of continued interpretation and development in relation to a concrete (con)text, to variations of practice.<br />
All in all, this prominent placement of licenses in the work accentuates their importance as cultural tools &#8211; not only as legal documents (their hanging is a strong allusion to the hanging of tools) but also as texts that enable and stimulate further activity and the creative and collective use of software.  They are printed on ordinary paper and thus contrasted to the exclusive color print in the initial room.  The aesthetic contrast signals that free software operates with a micro-information-economy both literally and figuratively, and that money is not the decisive premise for participation in the culture.  It is an inclusive and generous economy, where engagement counts.  In its expression and its thematizing of information economy X-Devian lies in extension of installations by conceptual artists of the 60’s such as Joseph Kosuth, Mel Bochner and Art &amp; Language.  However, even though there are formal aesthetic similarities, there are also significant differences between X-Devian and these works.  While they consist predominantly of self-referential texts and symbols, Andujar refers to a world and activity beyond the work.  Instead of internal organization and structuring, the information economy in X-Devian is based on activeness, production and relations in a non-institutional context.<br />
Another aspect of the installations’s information-economy is, in this connection, questions concerning information on and education in free software.  As an informal ”info-stand” and framework around workshops, the work-part anticipates an acquisition of free software via hacks of information – comparable to the ”hardware sculptures” lying on the table – rather than through acquiring definitive knowledge by learning.  Here, to hack means to interpret and use the available information in new independent ways which are not necessarily functional, but can nonetheless contribute to the development of an abstract knowledge and understanding of free software.  So the encouragement to hack is also a criticism of the rationalization of information and a rationalized software-culture and an argument for the potential in the irrational, the speculative and the experimental.14  Even though a certain amount of knowledge is needed if you want to use free software, the work also shows that free software is not just something you can read about in a manual.  It is also something you ”write” yourself as you use it and an expression of an active attitude-taking to – rather a passive acceptance of – the software culture you are a part of.  The knowledge of free software, which the work presents, is not defined by a system, but generated by a collective intelligence which does not let itself be disciplined, directed or controlled.  Andujar’s installation Information Society (2000) contains a corresponding point. In a mixture of a surveillance center and a library, the public here has access to information found on the net on how you hack various systems, for instance mobile telephones and UNIX operating systems, as examples of the alternative and free use of information.  Through irony and drama, the installation presents information, software and the net as powerfully politicized phenomena (in opposition to the industry’s and state’s picture of them as politically neutral) linked to questions of freedom and control, possibilities and limitations.  In that way, Information Society and X-Devian are ”role-models” for a non-authoritative culture where knowledge is produced in an exchange between autonomous subjects in a network.  And therefore, a free-software workshop is naturally an integrated part of both works.<br />
X-Devian also emphasizes the collective character of free-software.  While the content of the installation’s first part (officially) is produced by Technologies To The People®, the second part is produced by an unnamed and unregistered community of autonomous subjects who work neither for a company nor for the installation itself, but for a common unowned project  &#8211; a situation reflected by the work’s appropriation of the content.  Instead of inscribing the content into a foreign context, connecting it to a product or brand, the work makes it freely accessible, i.e. without copyright protection and, one might say, includes the community on its own premises.<br />
The community behind X-Devian produces (by way of) communicative relations and processes  across borders and as such is defined only by its multiple activities – by professional and social rather than financial or geographical interests.  Several theoreticians have argued that this community in a certain sense is a concrete expression of Marx’s concept of a General Intellect, the social brain whose production does not rely on machinery and factories, but of life as lived.  X-Devian’s production facilities reflect this relationship.  The second part’s informal, intimate, open character signals that here information is produced by free subjects working together.15 And the presence of several tables indicates in a simple way that the information that the community produces is to be shared and thus cannot be appropriated by Capital, the State, or for that matter, Art.  The meaning and value of the information will aways exceed such institutions and their attempts to freeze information into objects.  The community produces information that helps to develop and strengthen a dynamic common culture.  While the first part’s promotional video appeals to the creative ”do-it-yourself” mentality, X-Devian’s second part – both in spirit and practice – is characterized by a concept of ”do-it-together”, by cooperation as the foundation for the alternative development of software culture as well as software aesthetics.</p>
<p><strong>Technological Art beyond the Technology</strong><br />
X-Devian distinguishes itself from much of the technological art that is today presented at festivals such as Ars Electronica.  In spite of the fact that Ars Electronica in 1999 emphasized a connection between free-software and contemporary art, this is not a connection that the festival has since concentrated on to any appreciable degree. To the contrary, the technological art and technological aesthetics promoted by the festival are often characterized by a fascination with hardware and a positivistic celebration of technology’s formal (read: scientific) evolution.  The cultural, conceptual, critical and collective perspective on technology that free software represents – in itself and as art – seems to have disappeared from the horizon. And thus to a great extent the human and societal dimension as well.  Technology is understood and exhibited predominantly as valuable in itself, and the function of art is reduced to aesthetics – to embellishment.16<br />
But perhaps such festivals are not the right context for X-Devian, just as it might be a misunderstanding to comprehend the work in relation to ”technological art”.  For even though the work involves and is about technology, its focus is the cultural discourse in which technology takes part.  Andujar works in the conceptual tradition of the 60s and 70s, where formal categories and problematics are secondary in relation to the societal themes and contexts that a work contains and is part of.  It is a tradition that is not specifically technological – or even media specific – but comprehends art as a general conceptual capacity to give form to analytical, critical, and speculative discourses.<br />
It makes more sense to understand X-Devian in relation to that part of contemporary art which &#8211; also in continuation of the conceptual tradition – is engaged in the social field where human experience and cultural politics meet – and often works with installations and interventions, both inside and outside the art institution.  A large number of exhibitions have presented this art under the heading of ”contextual”, ”relational” or ”political” and have argued for art’s transformation to social (aesthetic) practices and functions.  An aesthetic discourse like this flows through X-Devian, but the work does not express a wish to identify art with the social field, as the neo-avant-guarde tendencies in contemporary art do.  It maintains a concept of artistic autonomy, not in the sense of being formallly self-referential, but as an independent and privileged space for information processing and knowledge production in relation to the social field.  The work does not directly reproduce the social field, but produces artistic interfaces to it, specifically to free software as a social field.  These interfaces are not oriented towards functionality and usability, but towards open reflection.  Therefore, the work’s positive attitude to free software as a force and a value are not decisive.  Even though X-Devian is an idealistic statement like Stallman’s, its emphasis is the aesthetic staging of free software as a cultural discourse where meanings are in play.  For that matter, the staging is an affirmative hack of free-software culture (in contrast to the work’s subversive hack of the proprietary-software culture) that, on an abstract level, opens new cultural possibilities for critical, imaginative and social development.</p>
<p><em><strong>1</strong> See <a href="http://www.fsf.org" target="_blank">www.fsf.org</a><br />
<strong>2</strong> Technologies To The People® is a conceptual framework in the form of a non-profit organization with identity as a company which Andujar uses to sponsor and market his projects. Technologies To The People® functions, however, also as an independent work in the form of a conceptual statement with its own merchandise and its own promotional video.  See http://www.irational.org/tttp/primera.html.<br />
<strong>3</strong> Ubuntu is based on another distribution of GNU/Linux, Debian which is referred to in the work’s title.  See www.ubuntu.org and www.debian.org<br />
<strong>4</strong> The name X-Devian refers to the use of programs from another free software distribution, namely Debian.<br />
<strong>5 </strong>Therefore X-Debian can both be an installation and a setup.<br />
<strong>6</strong> iSAMTM was a bogus product that existed only as a promotional video.  Nontheless, the work resulted in an inquiry from Apple who wanted to know more about the product, while in connection with an exhibition in Germany it provoked a ”left-wing” art critic from Texte zur Kunst to make sarcastic remarks regarding the cynicism of technological art.  See http://www.irational.org/tttp/*siteTTP/dpro.html<br />
<strong>7</strong> Technologies To The People®  Annual Report 2000. Technologies To The People® Publicity Department, Alicante 2000<br />
<strong>8</strong> ibid<br />
<strong>9</strong> Since Andujar exhibited X-Devian for the first time, Apple has updated Mac OS X several times, and the homepage that was made for the installation in the Århus Kunstbygning is thus from the newest version Mac OS X Leopard, while the promotional video is for Mac OS X Panther.</em></p>
<p><em><strong>10 </strong> The three phenomena are closely related and all refer to cultural practices where you penetrate an existing media structure and subversively distort their expression.  See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adbusters, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_jamming and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactical_media" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactical_media</a></em></p>
<p><em><strong>11</strong>  For a poster for iSAM, Andujar appropriated Apple’s multicolored iMACs.<br />
<strong>12</strong>  That they nevertheless attempt to do so – with intellectual property rights as an instrument – was shown by Andujar as early as 1997 in the work Language (Property) Remember, language is not freeTM, in which he charted the TM-registration by these firms’ – and TTTP® – of the sentences that made up their slogans as if they were a line of program code.  In this way, companies tried to lock and unify meanings in the discussion of the internet and the software culture – almost before it had begun.<br />
<strong>13 </strong> In this connection, it is interesting that Ubuntu, the one that works with the cultural interface, is the most popular distribution.<br />
<strong>14 </strong> This attitude also characterizes the spirit of the web-collective irational, of which Andujar has been a member since it started in the mid-90s and which hosts most of Technologies To The People®’s projects.  See http://www.irational.org.<br />
<strong>15</strong> An indirect reference to the 70s hacker environment which, among others, included Apple’s founder Steve Jobs.  This experimental collective, which had a decisive influence on the development of the personal computer, operated out of cellars and garages, under totally different conditions and according to totally different principles than those of the official computer science.<br />
<strong>16 </strong>By its installation character and intermedial function, X-Devian differs from ”software art”, where the programming and the code are all-important in terms of artistic expression and the computer is the primary medium.  The category ”software art” was introduced in connection with the festival read_me in 2002.  See also the platform www.runme.org for works and texts.</em></p>
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		<title>Un mundo sin copyright</title>
		<link>http://www.danielandujar.org/2007/03/22/un-mundo-sin-copyright/</link>
		<comments>http://www.danielandujar.org/2007/03/22/un-mundo-sin-copyright/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 22 Mar 2007 16:14:55 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Español]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Text]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[2007]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Barcelona]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Copyright]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Joost Smiers]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Now]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.danielandujar.org/?p=233</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[

Después de la presentación del libro, “Un mundo sin copyright. Artes y medios en la globalización“, en Madrid y Badajoz; el Centro de Cultura Contemporánea de Barcelona presenta el libro de Joost Smiers el jueves 22 de marzo a las 19 horas, dentro de las jornadas Now. La presentación será a cargo de Daniel García [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h2 id="post-120"><a title="Enlace permanente: Un mundo sin copyright" rel="bookmark" href="http://es.creativecommons.org/index.php/2007/03/13/un-mundo-sin-copyright/"><br />
</a></h2>
<p>Después de la presentación del libro, “<em><a href="http://www.gedisa.com/libroimpres.asp?CodigoLibro=310009">Un mundo sin copyright. Artes y medios en la globalización</a></em>“, en Madrid y Badajoz; el <a href="http://www.cccb.org/">Centro de Cultura Contemporánea de Barcelona</a> presenta el libro de Joost Smiers el jueves 22 de marzo a las 19 horas, dentro de las <a href="http://www.cccb.org/now/cast/index.htm">jornadas Now</a>. La presentación será a cargo de Daniel García Andújar y la entrada es libre. El libro plantea un amplio marco social, económico i cultural donde el copyright puede ser entendido. ¿Nos gusta vivir en un mundo donde los principales instrumentos de nuestra comunicación están controlados solo por unos pocos (por el copyright y por los propietarios de los medios de producción, distribución i promoción), donde la verdadera diversidad existente a sido expulsada de nuestra consciencia y donde la mayoría de los artistas no pueden vivir de su trabajo? El libro plantea un cambio que es necesario y a la vez posible. El autor es profesor de Ciencias políticas en la <em>Utrecht School of the Arts</em> (Países Bajos).</p>
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		<title>Art&#8217;s price</title>
		<link>http://www.danielandujar.org/2006/11/10/arts-price/</link>
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		<pubDate>Fri, 10 Nov 2006 14:15:43 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[
By Daniel G. Andujar*
Artists Rights
Artecontexto, winter 2006
In the last few years, copyright has become a controversial issue. On the one hand, current information and communication technologies have generated a new social reality in which both old situations and new sceneries coexist. Undoubtedly, these transformations have also produced a crisis on the prevailing systems of distribution [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a title="Toma las riendas" href="http://www.danielandujar.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/02/vinilofh9.jpg"><img src="http://www.danielandujar.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/02/vinilofh9.jpg" alt="Toma las riendas" width="435" height="446" /></a></p>
<p>By Daniel G. Andujar*</p>
<p>Artists Rights</p>
<p>Artecontexto, winter 2006</p>
<p>In the last few years, copyright has become a controversial issue. On the one hand, current information and communication technologies have generated a new social reality in which both old situations and new sceneries coexist. Undoubtedly, these transformations have also produced a crisis on the prevailing systems of distribution and cultural management. Societies have enough mechanisms to adapt themselves to their own processes, but we must ask ourselves if the current dogmatic legislative apparatus is prepared to confront these changes. On the other hand, the recent pressure that collective copyright management societies have exerted on our legislators, so as to make sure that the new laws on intellectual property will safekeep their interests, has intensified this debate. Specialists express their opinions on this subject even on the paparazzi TV shows, and of course, a few of them may suddenly show their preference for one of the options with the sole purpose of taking advantage of this situation. This is not just one more ephemeral topic. It&#8217;s in fact an open confrontation between those who control and defend leisure industries -culture&#8217;s big business-, and those who demand an urgent revision of the prevailing system and a reformulation of the notion of intellectual property in a new &#8220;free-culture&#8221; context. <span id="more-3"></span><br />
This confrontation has already begun. Its tracks can be found everywhere and they are broadcasted without control through an increasingly complex system in which one can hardly identify central and peripheral zones, transmitter and receiver, means and messages.<br />
We haven&#8217;t yet assimilated the first phases of the digital era and action territories are still begin redefined, meanwhile we witness the first tensions between different, irreconcilable realities. The digital gap, generational clash and many other similar phenomena are challenging our traditional ways to work with, understanding and managing information -and they are also changing our view as for negotiating, trading, in short, living and understanding the world we&#8217;re living in. The· &#8220;analogical adult&#8221; generations are trying to impose their lifestyle, educational system, hierarchic system, institutions and rules that the &#8220;digital natives&#8221; cannot comprehend. Those, who have just arrived to these new environments, those who haven&#8217;t entered the new system, those who were taught traditional completely 0rbsolete models, in radically different environments, are beginning to have serious problems to understand the-reality and utility of a world they will keep living in for a long time. Some of them hold power and administer reality. Others simply try to construct their own reality ignoring former rules. Models are on a process of continual redefinition and we cannot foresee who will prevail.<br />
Tensions in the art milieu are more than evident when positions must be assumed. Young applicants to enter the artistic limbo have decided to enjoy, without protection, the promises of an unlimited global village, seduced as they are by their natural idealism, persuaded that they understand the world they are living in, although they lack the most elemental pragmatic notions. Some collectives are trying to make a living from their own work in a cooperative, legitimate way, ignoring that in their pursuit of an adequate model they intend to sublimate the fruits of their work beyond the rest of society. An artist&#8217;s contribution to society is not more valuable than that of a scientist, a teacher, an engineer or any other professional -even those in the Public Administration. The current legislation they are supporting has produced some very absurd cases, for instance, that the copyright management societies that represent the artists have collected more than 150.000 Euros as a compensation for the CD-R private copies of Free Software that were encouraged by Spanish Autonomic Regions (even though, any citizen may download this material for free). The total cost, -including the creation of the copies and the payment to those who made the job, is inferior to 100.000 Euros. Defending intellectual property and the legitimate rights of artists must not be confused with a tax that damages economic, social and cultural development, but it should be conceived as a support to a collective cultural process for the sake of our society. As a result of this model, we have a clear conflict of interests and those who manage the most visible part of both public and private cultural institutions in our country are taking advantage of it. Those who manage the network of cultural industries and the directors of cultural institutions are not interested anymore in encouraging a process to generate new contents and cultural production. Art institution has been absorbed as another mechanism of service production and it actively takes part in the &#8220;touristification&#8221; and the complex re-adaptation of the new city&#8217;s infrastructures. Our inability to find a proper collective method that would dignify the artist&#8217;s work has been exploited by these managers of visible spaces in order to claim that &#8220;artwork cannot be regarded as a merchandise&#8221; (whereas the central question was always &#8220;what do the artists eat&#8221;, specially those who are not hired to make rotundas, to decorate airports, foundations, offices and public spaces, and to develop corporate images, living off their high-rate fees, in complicity with prevailing political powers). The real merchandise is the audience, we all know it. As a matter of fact, most museums don&#8217;t accept to pay the management societies&#8217; fees, nor assume their public responsibility in the active administration of artistic production, ignoring their role as supporters of contemporary artistic practice development. Everyone is free to make his own conclusion. Who&#8217;s provokes who? The legitimate defense of intellectual property must not constitute an obstacle for the free circulation and the development of ideas and  creations. Culture is a collective construction and, as such, we all take part in it.<br />
What&#8217;s the right position? Some people think that the regulations of the new Law of Intellectual Property (specially regarding such topics as the private copy, which has been reduced to its minimum expression) are outdated in this Internet era. On the other hand, we believe that the current regulations imply a real burden for creation, access to information and divulgation of knowledge. As a consequence, we are on the side of losers, among the illegal ones. And this current legislation has cast many artists&#8217; basic elements of production completely out of the law. We are not just talking about ideas and transformations in the conceptual order, but about what Spanish Congress says when it approves a legal text with more than 300 votes and the general agreement between all parliamentary forces. We are talking about what the BOE says, word by word: once these laws are implemented, judges will get used to apply them and no brilliant introduction to 20th Century art (from the collage to the objet trouvé and appropriationism) will soothe us. Is there any option left? Artistic practice, just as I conceive it, must be transformed into a form of &#8220;resistance&#8221; against a model that is obstinately aimed to prevail in a space of relations that is becoming more and more confused and globalized.     Fortunately, art is not reduced only to the institutional aspect and the market. It can -and it must- find or invent new territories in which new proposals must be developed. Art, just as any other cultural process, is basically a transmission process, a process of transference, a continuing dialogue that is also permanent and¬ necessary. But let&#8217;s not forget that art is also transgression, rupture, irony, parody, appropriation, usurpation, confrontation, investigation, exploration, interrogation&#8230; contestation. And fortunately, it&#8217;s not easy to legislate on all these aspects. In any case, we are not alone. We are not discussing a localized debate, circumscribed to a specific political, geographical environment. Actually, is there any collective debate that is still exclusively local?<br />
In the past, management societies became intermediaries between creators and those who had the production, distribution and commercialization means, but new technologies are gradually eliminating the need to have these intermediaries and management services. In the case of music &#8216;industry, it&#8217;s something clear and it&#8217;s not an isolated process.<br />
The reasons to understand and assimilate all these phenomena are complex and varied, but understanding the new models of organization of works and information streams may help minimize the process. Network society is ruled by a series of behaviors that in some cases are extraordinarily &#8216;new. A certain hierarchical order is established through a sort of meritocracy, a social responsibility encouraged by the need to donate something valuable to our community and other users, existing also an eagerness for public acknowledgment. This kind of attitudes have supported the development, in a global scale, of different movements in favor of both new forms of collective creation and a free sharing of acquired knowledge and rights of use. It&#8217;s a complex, global process of cooperation and development whose participants and interests are growing everyday. These forms of organization have proved to be more productive and incredibly capable to direct innovation towards a new communitarian objective. Social cooperation unveils its power of innovation and creation, understood as the best manner to support a model that permits distribution and expansion of contents for participants, users and audiences. Art has also a political function that requires ethical positions: aesthetic is not enough. Those who follow exclusively commercial and institutional models and practices may think this is all irrelevant, but they must learn to accept that they are anchored on traditional models that are radically different from those that will most probably prevail. They should see that digital space did not emerged simply as a means that favors communications, but as a new theatre for all kinds of operations. And this is clearly a disputed space whose interests are threatening their old hierarchies.</p>
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		<title>El precio del Arte</title>
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		<description><![CDATA[
Daniel G Andújar
LOS DERECHOS DE LOS ARTISTAS
Artecontexto Número 12
Invierno 2006
El tema de los Derechos de Autor se ha convertido últimamente en motivo de polémica y discusión recurrente. Por un lado, las actuales tecnologías de información y comunicación, han generado una nueva realidad social en medio de la cual se desenvuelven tanto situaciones previas como nuevos [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://www.danielandujar.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/02/12.jpg" title="artecontexto"><img src="http://www.danielandujar.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/02/12.jpg" alt="artecontexto" /></a></p>
<p>Daniel G Andújar</p>
<p>LOS DERECHOS DE LOS ARTISTAS<br />
Artecontexto Número 12<br />
Invierno 2006</p>
<p>El tema de los Derechos de Autor se ha convertido últimamente en motivo de polémica y discusión recurrente. Por un lado, las actuales tecnologías de información y comunicación, han generado una nueva realidad social en medio de la cual se desenvuelven tanto situaciones previas como nuevos escenarios. Lo que no podemos dudar es que estas transformaciones han puesto en crisis los modelos de distribución y gestión cultural dominante. La sociedades tienen mecanismos suficientes para adaptarse a sus propios procesos de cambio, pero no podemos evitar preguntarnos si el aparato dogmático y legislativo vigente está preparado para afrontar estos cambios. Por otro lado, la reciente presión que las entidades de gestión de derechos colectivos de autor realizan sobre nuestros legisladores, para que nuevas leyes sobre la propiedad intelectual garanticen sus intereses, ha intensificado aún más el debate y la discusión en torno a esta cuestión. Los especialistas en uno y otro sentido surgen como los tertulianos en los programas del corazón, y por supuesto siempre aparecen quienes súbitamente se suben a uno u otro carro con el único propósito de sacar rédito de la situación. No estamos hablando de una moda pasajera, nos estamos refiriendo directamente a una confrontación abierta entre quienes controlan y defienden la industria del ocio, el gran negocio de la cultura, y quienes reclaman una revisión urgente del sistema imperante y una reformulación de la noción de propiedad intelectual en un nuevo contexto de ‘cultura libre’.<br />
<span id="more-70"></span><br />
El enfrentamiento ha comenzado, las huellas aparecen por doquier y su rastro se difunde sin control por un sistema cada vez más complejo desde el que es difícil identificar el centro y la periferia, el emisor y el receptor, el medio y el mensaje.<br />
Todavía no hemos llegado a asimilar los primeros estadios de la era digital, aún se están redefiniendo territorios de actuación, cuando vemos cómo surgen las primeras tensiones entre distintas realidades que tienden a no entenderse. La brecha digital, el enfrentamiento generacional, está generando grandes desafíos entre distintas formas de trabajar, de entender y gestionar la información, de negociar, comerciar, relacionarse y, en definitiva, de vivir y entender el mundo que nos rodea. Las generaciones de “adultos analógicos” intentan imponer un modo de vida, un sistema educativo, un sistema jerárquico, unas instituciones y unas normas de convivencia que los “nativos digitales” no alcanzan a comprender. Los recién llegados a estos nuevos entornos, quienes no ha migrado al nuevo sistema, educados con modelos tradicionales absolutamente obsoletos, y en entornos radicalmente diferentes, comienzan a tener enormes dificultades para comprender la realidad y utilidad de un mundo que todavía han de vivir por mucho tiempo. Unos ostentan el poder y gestionan la realidad, los otros simplemente intentan construir una propia obviando, en mayor parte, las reglas de la anterior.  Los modelos están en continua definición, en consecuencia, que cada cual tire de su parte de la cuerda, ya veremos por dónde se rompe.</p>
<p>Los pulsos dentro del sector artístico son más que evidentes llegada la hora de tomar posiciones. Los jóvenes aspirantes al limbo de las artes se han lanzado sin protección alguna a disfrutar de las promesas de una aldea global sin lindes ni alambradas, seducidos por su natural idealismo, cargados de la razón que les proporciona el creer que entienden el mundo que están viviendo, sin embargo, carecen del más elemental pragmatismo. Algunos colectivos de artistas de forma cooperativa y legítima tratan de resolver el difícil dilema irresuelto de poder vivir de su trabajo, sin caer en la cuenta de que en este proceso de búsqueda de un modelo adecuado han pretendido sublimar el fruto de su trabajo sobre el del resto de la sociedad. La aportación de un artista a la sociedad no es más valiosa que la de un científico, un docente, un ingeniero, cualquier profesional o la propia Administración Pública. La actual legislación que están apoyando plantea casos tan absurdos, como, por poner u ejemplo entre mucho, el de la recaudación por parte de dichas entidades que los representan de más de 150.000 € en concepto de compensación por copia privada sobre los CD-R en los que se han grabado las distribuciones de Software Libre impulsadas por las diferentes Comunidades Autónomas (que cualquier ciudadano se puede descargar libremente por Internet). El precio de crearlas, el dinero que han cobrado quienes han realizado ese trabajo, no ha llegado ni a 100.000 €. La defensa de la propiedad intelectual o de los derechos legítimos de los artistas no se puede confundir con un impuesto o tributo que grava y perjudica el desarrollo económico, social y cultural, sino como incentivo para impulsar un proceso cultural colectivo al servicio de la sociedad. El conflicto de intereses que plantea este modelo está servido y la radicalización de posturas es aprovechada muy oportunamente por quienes dirigen la parte más visible y mediática de las instituciones artísticas públicas y privadas de este país. Quienes gestionan el entramado de las industrias culturales y los directores de instituciones culturales han abandonado hace décadas los procesos de generación de nuevos contenidos y la producción cultural. La institución arte ha sido absorbida como un mecanismo más de los procesos de producción de servicios, es parte activa de los procesos de turistización y participa en la compleja readaptación de las infraestructuras de la nueva ciudad.  La incapacidad para acertar con el método colectivo que diera dignidad al trabajo del artista ha sido aprovechado por los gestores de estos espacios de visibilidad para proclamar que “la obra de arte no puede ser considerada mercancía” (cuando la cuestión de los artistas siempre fue “de que comen los artistas”, especialmente los que no hacen rotondas, decoran aeropuertos, fundaciones, oficinas y plazas públicas, desarrollan imágenes corporativas, viven de rentas, conviven con el poder político de turno, etc. ), la mercancía es el público, ya lo sabemos. La pura realidad es que los museos, en gran medida, no aceptan pagar a las sociedades de gestión, ni asumen su responsabilidad publica en la gestión y administración activa de la producción artística, ni incentivan el desarrollo de práctica artística contemporánea alguna. En este rifirrafe que cada cual saque sus propias conclusiones, ¿quién está chuleando a quién? La defensa legítima de la propiedad intelectual no debe de constituir un obstáculo para la libre circulación y el desarrollo de las ideas y de las creaciones. La cultura es una construcción colectiva, es decir, de todos.</p>
<p>¿y dónde se sitúa uno mismo? Sin duda, entre quienes opinan que algunas leyes puestas en marcha por nuestros gobernantes en la nueva Ley de Propiedad Intelectual, como el derecho de copia privada, reducido ahora a la mínima expresión, son anacrónicas para la era de Internet, y también entre quienes entendemos que las actuales regulaciones suponen un verdadero lastre para la creación, el acceso a la información y la difusión del conocimiento. Asimismo, está uno entre los perdedores, entre los ilegales. Y es que la actual legislación ha situado la base de producción de muchos artistas completamente al margen de la ley. Ahora ya no estoy hablando de ideas, de transformaciones de orden conceptual, estamos hablando de lo que dice el Congreso de los Diputados del Reino de España cuando aprueba un texto legal con más de 300 votos a favor y con el amplio consenso de todas las fuerzas parlamentarias. Hablamos de lo que dice muy claro el BOE, negro sobre blanco, y hablamos de que cuando las leyes entran en vigor, los jueces acostumbran a aplicarlas y no nos servirá de atenuante una brillante introducción al arte del Siglo XX que incluya desde el collage hasta el objet trouvé pasando por el apropiacionismo. ¿Qué opción nos queda?  La práctica artística tal y como yo la entiendo debe de convertirse en una muestra de la “resistencia” a un modelo que pretende mantenerse con obstinación en un espacio de relaciones cada vez más difuso y globalizado.</p>
<p>Afortunadamente la práctica del arte no se circunscribe solamente a la parcela institucional y de mercado, puede y debe encontrar, o sino inventarlos,  nuevos territorios desde  los que desarrollar nuevas propuestas. El Arte, como cualquier otro proceso cultural, es básicamente un proceso de transmisión, de transferencia, de dialogo continuo,  permanente y necesario, pero no lo olvidemos, también es trasgresión, ruptura, ironía, parodia, apropiación, usurpación, confrontación, investigación, exploración, interrogación… contestación. Y todo esto es difícil de legislar, afortunadamente. En cualquier caso no estamos solos, no estamos ante un debate localizado en un ámbito geográfico y político específico. ¿Qué debate de orden colectivo lo es ya?</p>
<p>En el pasado las entidades de gestión hicieron de intermediarias entre los que creaban y los que tenían los medios para producir, distribuir y comercializar, pero las nuevas tecnologías de información y comunicación están eliminado paulatinamente la necesidad de esa gestión, de la intermediación en esos términos. En el caso de la industria musical es algo claro y meridiano y no es un proceso aislado.</p>
<p>Las razones para entender y asimilar todos estos fenómenos son complejas y variadas, pero sin duda entender los nuevos modelos de organización del trabajo y de flujos de información puede ayudar a minimizar el proceso. La sociedad en red se rige por una serie de comportamientos que en algunos casos son extraordinariamente novedosos. Un cierto orden jerárquico se establece a través de una especie de meritocracia, una responsabilidad de índole social impulsada por la necesidad de aportar algo valioso a la comunidad, a otros usuarios, existiendo un afán por ser reconocido públicamente por ello. Este tipo de actitudes han permitido el desarrollo, a nivel global, de distintos movimientos a favor del desarrollo de nuevas formas de innovación y de creación colectiva, así como a favor de compartir libremente el conocimiento adquirido y los derechos de su uso. Es un proceso complejo y global de cooperación y desarrollo que constantemente suma participantes e intereses. Son formas de organización del trabajo que se afirman como más productivas y tremendamente capaces de orientar la innovación hacia un objetivo de interés comunitario. La cooperación social desvela su poder de innovación y creación, entendida como el mejor modo de apoyar un modelo que permite la distribución y expansión de los contenidos para participantes, usuarios y audiencia. El arte tiene una función también política que necesita de posicionamientos éticos, no todo va a ser estética. Dentro del sector artístico a quienes siguen modelos y prácticas exclusivamente mercantiles e institucionales, seguramente, todo esto puede parecerles irrelevante, pero deben de aprender a aceptar que están anclados en modelos tradicionales radicalmente diferentes a los que se están imponiendo. Deben de entender que el espacio digital no surgió simplemente como un medio que permite la comunicación, también surgió como un nuevo teatro para todo tipo de operaciones. Y este es claramente un espacio disputado cuyos intereses ven amenazados sus viejas jerarquías.</p>
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		<item>
		<title>Language (property)</title>
		<link>http://www.danielandujar.org/2006/09/23/language-property/</link>
		<comments>http://www.danielandujar.org/2006/09/23/language-property/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 23 Sep 2006 13:13:46 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[English]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Gallery]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Text]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[1997]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[2006]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Copyright]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Dortmund]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Free-culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Hartware MedienKunstVerein]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Intellectual Property]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Language (property)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[PHOENIX Halle]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Public Intervention]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Technologies To The People]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.danielandujar.org/2008/01/23/language-property/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[

1997
Website with trademarked sentences linked with URLs
www.irational.org/tttp/TM/trademark.html
Presented in the exhibition as wall installation

Daniel García Andújar – the Spanish media artist better known by his company name Technologies To The People — almost ten years ago created with Language (property) a work addressing the increasing privatization and commodification of language. A plain HTML page presents a [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://www.danielandujar.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/01/1-ira_ad_8470_laborb.jpg" title="Language (property)"><img src="http://www.danielandujar.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/01/1-ira_ad_8470_laborb.jpg" alt="Language (property)" /></a></p>
<ul>
<li>1997</li>
<li>Website with trademarked sentences linked with URLs</li>
<li><a href="http://www.irational.org/tttp/TM/trademark.html" class="external text" title="http://www.irational.org/tttp/TM/trademark.html" rel="nofollow">www.irational.org/tttp/TM/trademark.html</a></li>
<li>Presented in the exhibition as wall installation</li>
</ul>
<p>Daniel García Andújar – the Spanish media artist better known by his company name Technologies To The People — almost ten years ago created with Language (property) a work addressing the increasing privatization and commodification of language. A plain HTML page presents a list of sentences that have become registered trademarks and thus the property of their corporate owners. Examples include »Where do you want to go today?™« (Microsoft), »A better return on information ™« (SAP), »Moving at the speed of business™« (UPS), »What you never thought possible™« (Motorola). By giving his project the title Remember, language is not free™, Andújar anticipated the disputes surrounding ›intellectual property‹ in the following years (and increasingly evident in the second half of the 1990s with the ruthless scramble for domain names in the World Wide Web). While on the website the individual sentences are linked to the copyright notices of the relevant companies, a large-format, almost ›immersive‹, wall Presented has been chosen for the exhibition.(<a href="http://www.irational.org/wiki/index.php/Inke_Arns" title="Inke Arns">Inke Arns</a>)</p>
<div class="ngg-related-gallery"><a href="http://www.danielandujar.org/wp-content/gallery/irational_dortmund/P1010135.JPG" title="The Wonderful World of irational.org. Tools, Techniques and Events 1996-2006" rel="lightbox[Related images for Language (property)]" ><img title="P1010135.JPG" alt="P1010135.JPG" src="http://www.danielandujar.org/wp-content/gallery/irational_dortmund/thumbs/thumbs_P1010135.JPG" /></a>
<a href="http://www.danielandujar.org/wp-content/gallery/projects/language/IMGP4612.JPG" title="" rel="lightbox[Related images for Language (property)]" ><img title="IMGP4612.JPG" alt="IMGP4612.JPG" src="http://www.danielandujar.org/wp-content/gallery/projects/language/thumbs/thumbs_IMGP4612.JPG" /></a>
<a href="http://www.danielandujar.org/wp-content/gallery/irational_dortmund/P1010302.JPG" title="The Wonderful World of irational.org. Tools, Techniques and Events 1996-2006" rel="lightbox[Related images for Language (property)]" ><img title="P1010302.JPG" alt="P1010302.JPG" src="http://www.danielandujar.org/wp-content/gallery/irational_dortmund/thumbs/thumbs_P1010302.JPG" /></a>
<a href="http://www.danielandujar.org/wp-content/gallery/projects/album_005/14-Universidad.jpg" title="" rel="lightbox[Related images for Language (property)]" ><img title="14-Universidad.jpg" alt="14-Universidad.jpg" src="http://www.danielandujar.org/wp-content/gallery/projects/album_005/thumbs/thumbs_14-Universidad.jpg" /></a>
<a href="http://www.danielandujar.org/wp-content/gallery/projects/language/IMGP4584.JPG" title="" rel="lightbox[Related images for Language (property)]" ><img title="IMGP4584.JPG" alt="IMGP4584.JPG" src="http://www.danielandujar.org/wp-content/gallery/projects/language/thumbs/thumbs_IMGP4584.JPG" /></a>
<a href="http://www.danielandujar.org/wp-content/gallery/irational_dortmund/P1010326.JPG" title="The Wonderful World of irational.org. Tools, Techniques and Events 1996-2006" rel="lightbox[Related images for Language (property)]" ><img title="P1010326.JPG" alt="P1010326.JPG" src="http://www.danielandujar.org/wp-content/gallery/irational_dortmund/thumbs/thumbs_P1010326.JPG" /></a>
<a href="http://www.danielandujar.org/wp-content/gallery/secret/3.JPG" title="Secret" rel="lightbox[Related images for Language (property)]" ><img title="Secret" alt="Secret" src="http://www.danielandujar.org/wp-content/gallery/secret/thumbs/thumbs_3.JPG" /></a>
</div>



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		<title>Elastico y Oscar Abril Ascaso presentan: Arte Ilegal en Copyfight CASM / 1-3 Febrero</title>
		<link>http://www.danielandujar.org/2006/02/01/elastico-y-oscar-abril-ascaso-presentan-arte-ilegal-en-copyfight-casm-1-3-febrero/</link>
		<comments>http://www.danielandujar.org/2006/02/01/elastico-y-oscar-abril-ascaso-presentan-arte-ilegal-en-copyfight-casm-1-3-febrero/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 01 Feb 2006 09:28:04 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Español]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[2006]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Barcelona]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[CASM]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Copyfight]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Copyright]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Elastico]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Oscar Abril Ascaso]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[TEXTO: JOSÉ LUIS DE VICENTE
Arte Ilegal: un simposio sobre el apropiacionismo y la propiedad intelectual en las artes visuales
BARCELONA, 1, 2 y 3 de Febrero
Centre d&#8217;Art Santa Mònica, Barcelona.
Entrada Libre
Con la participación de Federico Guzmán, Pedro G. Romero, Daniel García Andujar, Roc Parès, Eric Doeringer, Laura Baigorri, Rosa Pera, Juan Antonio Ramirez, Yproductions, y otros.
Hoy [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>TEXTO: JOSÉ LUIS DE VICENTE</p>
<p>Arte Ilegal: un simposio sobre el apropiacionismo y la propiedad intelectual en las artes visuales<br />
BARCELONA, 1, 2 y 3 de Febrero<br />
Centre d&#8217;Art Santa Mònica, Barcelona.<br />
Entrada Libre</p>
<p>Con la participación de Federico Guzmán, Pedro G. Romero, Daniel García Andujar, Roc Parès, Eric Doeringer, Laura Baigorri, Rosa Pera, Juan Antonio Ramirez, Yproductions, y otros.</p>
<p>Hoy empieza el segundo ciclo de conferencias y presentaciones del proyecto Copyfight en el CASM de Barcelona. Si la semana pasada los dos días de Copyfight Revisited fueron una recapitulación y puesta al día de todo lo que se planteó el pasado julio en el primer Copyfight, hoy abrimos un nuevo frente que hasta hoy no habíamos tocado.</p>
<p><span id="more-222"></span><br />
Una semana antes de que empiece ARCO, la gran cita anual de la industria del arte contemporáneo, el seminario ARTE ILEGAL tratará desde hoy y hasta el viernes los conflictos que está generando el modelo actual de propiedad intelectual en el ámbito de las artes visuales y en el circuito de las galerías y los múseos.</p>
<p>Los participantes incluyen críticos y especialistas como Laura Baigorri, Juan Antonio Ramirez o Florenci Guntín; artistas de amplia trayectoria como Pedro G. Romero, Federico Guzmán o Daniel Garcia Andujar, y abogados y expertos en la gestión de colecciones y patrimonio artístico.</p>
<p>ARTE ILEGAL es probablemente la más diferente de todas las actividades que han formado parte del proyecto Copyfight, y por eso los argumentos e ideas que se escuchen y los problemas que se denuncien también lo serán; la situación en el mundo del arte contemporáneo es hasta cierto punto distinta a la que se da en el resto de campos.</p>
<p>Más sobre ARTE ILEGAL hoy en <a href="http://www.elpais.es/articulo/elpepiautcat/20060201elpcat_21/Tes/cataluna/centro/Santa/Monica/acoge/simposio/derecho/autor/artes/visuales" target="_blank">El País</a> y en <a href="http://www.lavanguardia.es/web/20060201/51230919274.html" target="_blank">La Vanguardia</a>.</p>
<p>Después del salto podeis encontrar toda la información y el programa por días y horas.</p>
<p>¿Cómo beneficia el modelo actual de gestión de los derechos de autor a los artistas? ¿cuál es el futuro de las nuevas licencias que reformulan la noción de propiedad intelectual dentro del ámbito de la producción artística? ¿Qué expresa el reciente debate entorno al uso de reproducciones de obras de arte entre los historiadores? ¿Cómo se gestiona el patrimonio público y las collecciones privadas según el marco legal vigente? ¿Qué influencia puede jugar la escena copyleft y la emergencia de la cultura libre en el arte?</p>
<p>Entre sus actividades, Arte Ilegal contará con conferencias en torno a la Historia del Apropiacionismo en el siglo XX y del Arte Ilegal en Internet por parte de las comisarias Rosa Pera y Laura Baigorri, junto a disertaciones sobre el marco legal vigente y la introducción de las licencias libres a cargo de la profesora Carmenchu Buganza, y sobre la defensa de la cita visual por parte del Historiador del Arte y escritor Juan Antonio Ramirez.</p>
<p>Además, el simposio incluirá presentaciones como la del proyecto Hamaca del colectivo *YProductions, de la exposición Copilandia por el artista Federico Guzmán, la exposición Plagiarismos por el comisario Alex Mendibil y de las licencias Creative Commons y Aire Incondicional, por el profesor Ignasi Labastida y el abogado Abel Garriga.</p>
<p>Cada jornada se cerrará con tres mesas redondas en torno a la gestión del patrimonio público, el presente y el futuro del marco legal vigente en el siglo XXI, y los beneficios y perjuicios del sistema actual de derechos de autor en las artes visuales por los propios artistas en las que participarán Lluis Bagunyà, subdirector del Museo Picasso, Joan Llinares, administrador del MNAC, Lluis García, responsable de Patrimonio del Centro Unesco de Catalunya, el secretario de la AAVC Florenci Guntín, el abogado Enric Enrich o los artistas Pedro G. Romero, Daniel G. Andujar, Roc Parès y Joan Morey.</p>
<p>¿Puede, realmente, existir un arte ilegal?</p>
<p>PROGRAMA</p>
<p>Miércoles 1 Febrero</p>
<p>5-6*PM<br />
“Apropiacionismo y arte contemporáneo: gesto, práctica, metodología, actitud”.<br />
ROSA PERA, comisaria independiente.<br />
Un itinerario por algunos proyectos que incorporan el apropiacionismo. Una mirada sobre los síntomas de un largo proceso.</p>
<p>6-7*PM<br />
Presentación del proyecto *CopyFight”<br />
OSCAR ABRIL ASCASO / JOSE LUIS DE VICENTE, codirectores de CopyFight.<br />
Exposición de contenidos y balance del desarrollo del proyecto CopyFight en el Centre d’Arte Santa Mònica.</p>
<p>Presentación del proyecto &#8220;Hamaca”<br />
*YPRODUCTIONS, Productora cultural.<br />
Charla entorno a Hamaca, proyecto de distribución de producciones audiovisuales, y de su adaptación al marco legal vigente.</p>
<p>7-8*PM<br />
&#8220;La crítica y la historia del arte ante los derechos de reproducción”.<br />
JUAN ANTONIO RAMIREZ, Historiador del Arte.<br />
&#8220;La pretensión de grabar económicamente las imágenes de la historia y de la crítica del arte atenta contra la libertad de expresión, impide el desarrollo de estas disciplinas y perjudica seriamente al sistema del arte contemporáneo&#8221;.</p>
<p>8-10*PM<br />
-Mesa redonda “El Acceso al Patrimonio Cultural y sus limitaciones de uso”.</p>
<p>LLUIS BAGUNYÀ, Subdirector del Museo Picasso.<br />
JOAN LLINARES, Administrador del Museo de Arte Nacional de Catalunya.<br />
LLUIS GARCIA, Responsable de Patrimonio del Centro Unesco de Catalunya.<br />
PEDRO G. ROMERO, Artista.</p>
<p>¿Qué pasa cuando la riqueza cultural de la que nos queremos beneficiar pertenece a un pueblo, y no a una persona? ¿Cómo se defienden los derechos culturales de un pueblo o de una nación, y quien tiene potestad para hacerlo? ¿Qué función tienen los instrumentos legales de protección de patrimonio que tenemos actualmente?</p>
<p>Jueves 2 Febrero</p>
<p>5-6PM<br />
&#8220;El derecho de autor en las artes visuales y la introducción de las nuevas licencias libres”.<br />
CARMENCHU BUGANZA , Abogada, Profesora de la UB y Coordinadora del Master IP&amp;IT (Propiedad Intel.lectual y Sociedad de la Información)<br />
El marco legal de los derechos de autor en las artes visuales, ¿cuál es la normativa nacional, la comunitaria y la internacional?¿Cuáles son las facultades morales y patrimoniales del autor? ¿Cuál es el alcance y los límites de sus derechos y cuál es su tiempo de duración? ¿Qué sucede con los derechos de autor en la era digital y qué son las medidas de protección tecnológica de las obras?¿Qué son las nuevas licencias libres?</p>
<p>6-7PM<br />
“Presentación de la licencia Aire Incondicional”<br />
ABEL GARRIGA , Abogado.<br />
La licencia Aire Incondicional nace como un instrumento legal para la protección de los derechos de autor y la distribución de las obras no restrictivo.</p>
<p>“Presentación de las licencias Creative Commons”<br />
IGNASI LABASTIDA, Profesor de la Universitat de Barcelona y Responsable de Creative Commons España.<br />
La conocida iniciativa creada por Lawrence Lessig reescribe el concepto de propiedad intelectual y está revolucionando la escena de los derechos de autor.</p>
<p>7-9PM<br />
-Mesa Redonda “Presente y futuro del marco legal actual de los derechos de autor en las artes visuales”<br />
FLORENCI GUNTIN, Secretario de la Asociación de Artistas Visuales de Catalunya.<br />
ENRIC ENRICH, Abogado. Enrich Abogados.<br />
ABEL GARRIGA, Abogado. Aire Incondicional.<br />
CARMENCHU BUGANZA, Abogada, Profesora de la UB y Coordinadora del Master IP&amp;IT (Propiedad Intelectual y Sociedad de la Información)</p>
<p>La gestión de los derechos de autor, desde el marco legal vigente sobre las obras objectuales o las producciones audiovisuales hasta el uso de internet como espacio de exposición, es un tema cada vez más controvertido y complejo en las artes visuales. Dentro este debate han venido a sumarse nuevos actores como son el movimiento copyleft y la creación de las nuevas licencias libres las cuales pretenden reformular el concepto de propiedad intelectual.</p>
<p>Viernes 3 Febrero</p>
<p>5-6PM</p>
<p>El pleito en arte dentro de la época de Internet”.<br />
LAURA BAIGORRI, Comisaria independendiente.<br />
Proyectos artísticos on line que han tenido que enfrentarse a procesos legales. Desde Warhol hasta el artisterrorismo, todo pasando por Nike.</p>
<p>6-7PM<br />
Presentación de la exposición Plagiarismos”<br />
ALEX MENDIBIL , Curador independendiente.<br />
Proyecto en torno al plagiarisme como forma creativa comisariado por Alex Mendibil y Jordi Costa para La Casa Encendida de Madrid.</p>
<p>Presentación del proyecto Copilandia<br />
FEDERICO GUZMAN , Artista.<br />
Proyecto entorno a la libre distribución de creaciones artísticas organizado por el colectivo Gratis de Sevilla en el río Guadalquivir.</p>
<p>7-8PM<br />
“*Bootlegs”<br />
ERIC DOERINGER , Artista.<br />
En Bootlegs, el artista de Nueva York Eric Doeringer realiza y vende copias de obras de arte otros artistas: pinturas, esculturas, fotografías, dibujos, collage o vídeo. Ha vendido sus bootlegs frente a museos y ferias de arte contemporáneo como el List Art Fair de Basilea, el Frieze Art Fair en Londres o el Flash Art Shows de Bologna y Milán. Coincidiendo con el simposio, Doeringer instalara su stand de venta de copias en Barcelona.</p>
<p>8-10PM<br />
-Mesa Redonda, “¿Beneficia o perjudica a los artistas el actual modelo de derechos de autor en las artes visuales?”</p>
<p>DANIEL G. ANDUJAR, Artista<br />
ROC PARÈS, Artista<br />
JOAN MOREY, Artista.<br />
OSCAR ABRIL ASCASO, Artista y curador independiente.</p>
<p>El modelo actual de los derechos de autor dentro del ámbito de las artes visuales es el más beneficioso para los intereses de los artistas? ¿Tendrían los artistas que tener libertad total para tomar, reutilizar y reapropiarse de cualquier elemento o deben pedir siempre permiso siempre a los autores originales? ¿Las innovaciones tecnológicas como internet hacen necesario revisar el modelo legal vigente de los derechos de autor?</p>
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